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BACKGROUND: Food and nutrition were affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, increasing levels of food insecurity. University students were a risk group for food insecurity due to the closure of educational establishments where they received their main meals. AIM: To assess food insecurity among Chilean public university students before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study had a non-probabilistic before-and-after design. Undergraduate students from all colleges at the university were invited to answer an online survey about food insecurity, devised based on FAO Food Insecurity Experience Scale. Results: Nine hundred and one students answered the survey. The prevalence of moderate/severe food insecurity increased from 9.5% to 14.3% before and during the pandemic, respectively. Forty two percent (n = 196) of student households became food insecure during the sanitary crisis. Students commented on the positive and negative aspects of the pandemic in their eating behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: Undergraduate students are vulnerable to food insecurity. Mitigation actions should be carried out when educational establishments are closed.

ANTECEDENTES: La alimentación y la nutrición se están viendo afectadas por la pandemia por COVID-19, aumentando los niveles de inseguridad alimentaria. Un grupo susceptible a la inseguridad alimentaria son los estudiantes universitarios debido al cierre de los establecimientos educativos donde ellos pueden recibir sus alimentos principales. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la inseguridad alimentaria de los estudiantes de una universidad pública de Chile, antes y durante la pandemia por COVID-19. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: El estudio tuvo un diseño de antes y después, no probabilístico. Se invitó a participar a estudiantes universitarios de todas las facultades de la universidad a contestar un cuestionario en línea, desarrollado basado en la escala de experiencia de inseguridad alimentaria de la FAO. RESULTADOS: Novecientos y un estudiantes respondieron la encuesta. En estos estudiantes, la prevalencia de inseguridad alimentaria moderada/grave aumentó de 9,5% a 14,3% antes y durante la pandemia, respectivamente. El 42,3% (n = 196) de los hogares estudiantiles pasó a tener inseguridad alimentaria durante la crisis sanitaria. Los estudiantes comentaron aspectos positivos y negativos de la pandemia en sus conductas alimentarias. CONCLUSIONES: Estos resultados reflejan que estos estudiantes son vulnerables para inseguridad y amerita acciones de mitigación cuando los establecimientos educativos están cerrados.

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BACKGROUND: Food and nutrition were affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, increasing levels of food insecurity. University students were a risk group for food insecurity due to the closure of educational establishments where they received their main meals. AIM: To assess food insecurity among Chilean public university students before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study had a non-probabilistic before-and-after design. Undergraduate students from all colleges at the university were invited to answer an online survey about food insecurity, devised based on FAO Food Insecurity Experience Scale. RESULTS: Nine hundred and one students answered the survey. The prevalence of moderate/severe food insecurity increased from 9.5% to 14.3% before and during the pandemic, respectively. Forty two percent (n = 196) of student households became food insecure during the sanitary crisis. Students commented on the positive and negative aspects of the pandemic in their eating behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: Undergraduate students are vulnerable to food insecurity. Mitigation actions should be carried out when educational establishments are closed.

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INTRODUCTION: Background: the six minutes' walk test (6MWT) measures submaximal physical activity. Objective: this study determines the association of children´s nutritional status and body composition with the results of the 6MWT. Methods: a sample of 1419 Chilean children, 4 to 10 years of age, were assessed including anthropometry, body composition by validated equations, the 6MWT test, and in 50 % of the sample heart rate prior the test, at one minute into the test, and at one minute posttest with a Polar watch. Results: the distance walked ranged from 473.1 ± 47.8 meters in preschool children to 584.2 ± 65.7 meters in school children. In heart rate there was a significant difference between obese and eutrophic children. The distance walked in the 6MWT was positively associated with fat-free mass (p < 0.05) and BMI (R2 = 0.49). Body composition influences 6MWT quartile distribution, as well as nutritional status. Age and height explained 49 % of the variance (R2 = 0.42 and 0.47, respectively) in the 6MWT, and there are significant differences in this variable by sex, body composition, and nutritional status. Conclusions: body composition was associated with walking performance in children. Thus, it is important to evaluate height and body composition when assessing the six-minute walk test because of this important relationship.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: el test de la marcha de seis minutos (TM6M) mide una actividad física submáxima. Este estudio evaluó el efecto del test de la marcha sobre la composición corporal y el estado nutricional en niños. Métodos: en una muestra de 1419 niños chilenos de 4 a 10 años de edad se evaluaron la antropometría, la composición corporal por ecuaciones validadas, el TM6M y, en el 50 % de la muesta, la frecuencia cardíaca mediante un reloj Polar. Resultados: la distancia caminada varió desde 473,1 ± 47,8 metros en los niños preescolares hasta 584,2 ± 65,7 metros en los escolares. En la frecuencia cardíaca hubo una diferencia significativa entre niños obesos y eutróficos. La distancia caminada se asoció positivamente con la masa libre de grasa (R2 = 0,37) y el IMC (R2 = 0,49). Por otra parte, la composición corporal varía en función de los cuartiles de composición corporal y el estado nutricional. La edad y la altura explicaron el 49 % de la varianza de la prueba (R2 = 0,42 and 0,47, respectivamente). Existen diferencias significativas en la distancia recorrida en el TM6M en función del sexo, la composición corporal y el estado nutricional. Conclusiones: composición corporal, talla e IMC se asociaron a la distancia recorrida en el TM6M. Por tanto, se sugiere medir estas variables cuando se evalúe el test de marcha de seis minutos.

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Actualmente, uno de los objetivos de la educación médica es proporcionar a los estudiantes la oportunidad de desarrollar habilidades clínicas y competencias profesionales. Por lo cual el docente tutor generador de aprendizaje debe poseer las herramientas necesarias para ello. La tutoría clínica, es una estrategia fundamental en la enseñanza de los saberes de las ciencias médicas. Considerada como educación "no formal" en contraste con la educación tradicional de las aulas, la enseñanza en los ambientes clínicos tiene su propia estructura o formas de enseñanza. En este sentido, el docente tutor debe reconocer cuáles son las funciones de la tutoría clínica, para así, establecer objetivos claros que respondan al programa de formación de un profesional y que permita la conducción de la tutoría de manera óptima, generando en el estudiante aprendizaje significativo. Esta revisión tiene por objetivo entregar información actualizada respecto al abordaje actual de la tutoría clínica en las carreras del área de salud y describir las competencias pedagógicas que debe tener un tutor clínico.

Currently, one of the goals of medical education is to provide students with the opportunity to development clinical skills and professional competencies. Therefore, the tutor generator learning must have the necessary tools to do. Clinical tutoring is a fundamental strategy in the teaching of knowledge of medical sciences. Considered as "non-formal" instruction in contrast to traditional classroom instruction, teaching in clinical settings has its own structure or forms of teaching. Therefore, the tutor teacher must recognize what are the functions of clinical tutoring, in order to establish clear objectives that respond to the training program of a professional and that allow the conductivity of the tutoring in an optimal way, generating meaningful learning in the student. This review aims to provide updated information regarding the current approach to clinical tutoring in health careers and to describe the pedagogical competencies that should have a clinical tutor.

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RESUMEN La OMS/OPS admite que los patrones de conducta sexuales de los adolescentes y jóvenes han cambiado. Se afirma la consejería adolescente ha mostrado buenos resultados. Por ello el propósito de este estudio es evaluar un cuestionario que evaluará este tipo de intervención. Objetivos Establecer la validez de constructo y la confiabilidad de un instrumento para evaluar consejería en adolescentes asistentes al centro de salud Rucahueche. Métodos Estudio exploratorio con una muestra de 151 adolescentes entre 15 y 19 años, a los que se les aplicó un cuestionario autoadministrado. La validez de constructo y de consistencia interna fue evaluada por análisis factorial y el Alfa de Cronbach, respectivamente. Resultados El análisis factorial identificó en 3 dimensiones 10 constructos, los cuales explicaron el 62% - 67% de su variabilidad. A su vez, el análisis de consistencia interna obtuvo una puntuación de alfa de 0,934. Conclusiones El instrumento mostró evidencias de validez de constructo y de confiabilidad. Dichos análisis indican la factibilidad de aplicación del instrumento. Sin embargo, la validación del instrumento aún es un reto, debido a su relevancia para una mirada más profunda sobre la atención y la gestión en la atención de adolescentes. Por tanto, se considerará seguir haciendo estudios para explorar su dimensionalidad y validez de contenido.

ABSTRACT The WHO/PAHO admits that the sexual behavior patterns of adolescents and young people have changed. It is claimed adolescent counseling has shown good results. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate a questionnaire that will evaluate this type of intervention. Objectives To establish the construct validity and reliability of an instrument for assessing adolescent counseling attending the health center Rucahueche. Methods An exploratory study with a sample of 151 adolescents aged 15 to 19 years, who were applied a self-administered questionnaire. Construct validity and internal consistency was assessed by factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha, respectively. Results: Factor analysis identified three dimensions 10 constructs, which accounted for 62% -67% of its variability. In turn, analysis of internal consistency score was alpha of 0.934. Conclusions The instrument showed evidence of construct validity and reliability. These analyzes indícate the feasibility of the instrument. However, validation of the instrument is still a challenge, because of its relevance to a deeper look on the care and management in adolescent care. Therefore, it is deemed to continue doing studies to explore the dimensionality and content validity.

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OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to develop predictive anthropometric models for total and truncal body fat in Chilean children using the following anthropometric measurements: weight, height, skinfold thickness, and circumference. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 669 Chilean children (12.0 y ± 1.3) in Tanner stage IV from the Growth and Obesity Chilean Cohort Study. Anthropometric measurements and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry were determined to calculate total and truncal body fat. Prediction models were fitted by linear regression analysis. RESULTS: The predictive equation for log total body fat (kg) was 0.449 + 0.049 (body mass index in kg/m2) + 0.018 (triceps skinfold in mm) + 0.012 (biceps skinfold in mm) + 0.019 (brachial circumference in cm) + 0.091 (sex: 1 = boy, 2 = girl) + 0.018 (age in y). The predictive equation for log truncal fat (kg) was -2.107 + 0.046 (waist circumference in cm) + 0.010 (subscapular skinfold in mm) + 0.259 (sex: 1 = boy, 2 = girl) + 0.006 (age in y). The test of concordance between the predictive equations of total and truncal body fat with gold standard was r = 0.85 and 0.91, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In Chilean children, the high correlation between observed and predicted values enabled us to develop predictive equations for total and truncal body fat for children.

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RESUMEN Uno de los objetivos de la enseñanza tutorial en la carrera de Nutrición y Dietética, es proporcionar a los estudiantes un espacio de aprendizaje para desarrollar habilidades clínicas y competencias profesionales. El propósito del estudio fue evaluar un programa de capacitación en tutoría clínica dirigido a tutores clínicos nutricionistas y su efecto en las percepciones de los estudiantes de práctica clínica y su desempeño profesional. Se desarrolló una intervención antes y después de capacitación en tutoría clínica en nutrición, con una muestra no probabilística (n=8 nutricionistas tutores clínicos; n='6 estudiantes). Se hizo un análisis cualitativo de codificación temática y se contrastaron las calificaciones obtenidas mediante T Student. Una vez realizada la intervención los docentes adquirieron herramientas para conducir la tutoría clínica y los estudiantes tuvieron mejores experiencias clínicas. Si bien, el rendimiento académico no mejoró (5,9±0,3; v/s 6,'±0,4; p= 0,4), los docentes percibieron mejoría en el aprendizaje. Se puede concluir que la formación de nutricionistas competentes, responsables de brindar bienestar y cuidado integral a los pacientes depende de la excelencia en la formación del cuerpo docente, que sea centrada en el estudiante y con una enseñanza de calidad que promueva el aprendizaje efectivo.

ABSTRACT One of the objectives of clinical tutoring in the Nutrition and Dietetics major is to provide students with a learning space to develop clinical skills and professional competencies. The aim of the study was to evaluate a training program in clinical tutoring aimed at clinical nutritionist tutors. The effect on students' perceptions of clinical practice and professional performance was evaluated. A pre- and post-intervention test was administered in a non-probabilistic sample (n= 8 nutritionists clinical tutors, n= 16 students). A qualitative analysis of thematic coding was done and the Student t-test was used to compare pre- posttests. Once the intervention was done, the teachers acquired tools to conduct clinical tutoring and students had better clinical experiences. Although academic performance did not improve (5.9±0.3, versus 6.1±0.4, p= 0.4), teachers perceived an improvement in learning. We can conclude that the training of competent nutritionists, responsible for providing well-being and comprehensive care to patients depends on the excellence of the teaching staff, student-centered teaching and a quality education that promotes effective learning.

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BACKGROUND: We aimed to determine the sensitivity and specificity of selected anthropometric indicators as predictors of cardiovascular risk in adolescents. METHODS: Cross-sectional study in 678 adolescents (16.8 y ± 0.3) from an infancy cohort. Weight, height, waist circumference (WC), and hip circumference were measured. Body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) were estimated. MetS was diagnosed with IDF/AHA/NHLBI. Optimal cutoffs of BMI, WC, WHR, and WHtR for diagnosing MetS were determined using ROC analysis. RESULTS: In males, WHtR (0.96) had the greatest area under the ROC curve, followed by WC (0.95) and BMI (0.93). In females, BMI (0.84) had the greatest area under the ROC curve (0.84), followed by WHtR (0.83) and WC (0.83). In both sexes, the optimal WHtR cutoff for MetS diagnosis was 0.54. A BMI of 26.9 in males and 26.3 in females were the optimal cutoffs for diagnosing MetS. Finally, WC values of 92 and 81.6 cm in males and females, respectively, were the optimal cutoffs for MetS diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: In both sexes, a WHtR value of 0.54 was a good predictor of MetS. In males and females, the optimal cutoff of BMI for Mets diagnosis was below the values for diagnosing obesity.

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Childhood obesity in Chile is one of the highest in the world. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of excessive weight gained or maintained over a 3-year period, on markers of metabolic homeostasis in young children. This is a longitudinal study which includes 243 children followed from 4 to 7 years. We assessed BMI, body fat percentage, waist circumference (WC), waist-hip ratio (WHR), waist-height (WH) and trunk fat as well as the following metabolic parameters: glucose, insulin, triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL and metabolic risk score. Kruskal- Wallis was used to assess differences in metabolic markers by nutritional status and logistic regression to determine the effect of maintaining or gaining excess weight over the 3-year period, compared with children who maintained a normal weight. Children who were obese at both ages compared with those who were normal weight, had a significantly higher WC, serum concentrations of total fat, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol and metabolic risk score (P < 0.05). Children who were overweight or obese at 4 and 7 years, had a greater risk of having a high WC (OR: 3.37; P = 0.03), total cholesterol (OR: 4.17; P < 0.003), triglycerides (OR: 1.96; P = 0.04); thus a higher metabolic risk score (OR: 3.21; P = 0.003). Excess weight maintained over time in early childhood, significantly increases the risk of having higher serum biomarkers of cardiovascular risk, which in turn determines the magnitude of cardiovascular and metabolic risks later in life.

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Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS) is a non-parametric modelling method that extends the linear model, incorporating nonlinearities and interactions between variables. It is a flexible tool that automates the construction of predictive models: selecting relevant variables, transforming the predictor variables, processing missing values and preventing overshooting using a self-test. It is also able to predict, taking into account structural factors that might influence the outcome variable, thereby generating hypothetical models. The end result could identify relevant cut-off points in data series. It is rarely used in health, so it is proposed as a tool for the evaluation of relevant public health indicators. For demonstrative purposes, data series regarding the mortality of children under 5 years of age in Costa Rica were used, comprising the period 1978-2008.

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