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OBJECTIVE: To determine associations of maternal salivary aldosterone with blood pressure (BP) in pregnancy and infant birth weight-for-gestational age (BWGA). METHODS: We measured maternal salivary aldosterone, BP and BWGA z-scores in 471 Mexico City pregnancy cohort participants and performed multivariable linear regression of BP and BWGA on log-aldosterone levels. RESULTS: Log-aldosterone was positively associated with diastolic BP (ß = 0.12 95% CI: 0.04, 0.21). There were no main effects of log-aldosterone on BWGA. However, we detected an interaction between log-aldosterone and BP in association with BWGA; higher log-aldosterone was associated with lower BWGA in the lowest (ß = -0.12, 95% CI: -0.26, 0.02) and highest (ß = -0.12, 95% CI: -0.29, 0.06) BP tertiles. In contrast, in the middle BP tertile the association was positive (ß = 0.09, 95% CI: -0.02, 0.20), p for interaction = 0.03. CONCLUSION: Higher maternal salivary aldosterone is positively associated with diastolic BP and may affect fetal growth differently depending on concurrent maternal blood pressure.

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OBJETIVO: Describir la prevalencia de obesidad en adultos, medida a través del índice de masa corporal (IMC) y la circunferencia de cintura (CC), estratificando por factores de riesgo y comorbilidades. Material y métodos. Se analizó la información de 8 563 participantes en la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2022 (Ensanut 2022). Se clasificó la obesidad por IMC y por CC. Se calcularon razones de momios (RM) para asociar la obesidad con factores de riesgo y diagnóstico de comorbilidades. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de sobrepeso fue 38.3%, obesidad 36.9% y obesidad abdominal (OA) 81.0%. Las mujeres tuvieron una mayor RM (1.4) de tener obesidad y OA (2.5). Los adultos con obesidad tenían una mayor posibilidad de tener diagnóstico de diabetes (RM 1.7), hipertensión (3.6) y dislipidemia (RM 2.3) que los adultos con IMC normal. CONCLUSIONES: La prevalencia de obesidad en adultos mexicanos es una de las más altas a nivel mundial y está asociada con los factores de riesgo y enfermedades crónicas más frecuentes. Se requieren políticas públicas multisectoriales para prevenir y controlar la obesidad.

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BACKGROUND: The high prevalence of overweight and obesity in children from Latin America (LA) have been related to obesogenic food environments. Besides, the negative effects of the Covid-19 pandemic should also be considered. The objective of this research was to describe and compare the perceptions of parents, teachers, and experts in LA of food environments at home and school that favor healthy habits in schoolchildren in pre Covid-19 stage and during the pandemic. METHODS: This study used a survey self-reporting regarding conditions at home and the school favoring healthy habits, for three profiles: parents, primary school teachers, and experts. A fisher exact test was used to establish the difference between the response categories between countries and profiles. Logistic regression models were used to determine the probability of response in the levels of importance adjusted for sex and nationality. RESULTS: Information from 954 questionnaires was reported: 48.4% experts, 32.0% teachers, and 19.6% parents. There were differences in the perception of food environments at school between profiles (p<0.001). In multivariate logistic regression models, experts and teachers were 20% more likely to give greater importance to elements of the food environment at school compared to parents (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings showed that parents were less likely to perceive important elements of the school food environment compared to experts and teachers. Interventions are required to improve healthy eating environments that consider children's interpersonal mediators.

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The anatomical territory where the neuromuscular junctions are grouped corresponds to the innervation zone (IZ). This can be located in-vivo using high-density electromyography and voluntary muscle contractions. However, in patients with motor impairment, the use of contractions imposed by electrical stimulation (ES) could be an alternative. The present study has two aims: Firstly, to describe the location of the IZ in-vivo of the medial gastrocnemius (MG) using imposed contractions by ES. Secondly, to compare the usefulness of M-waves and H-reflexes to localize the IZs. Twenty-four volunteers participated (age: 21.2 ± 1.5 years). ES was elicited in the tibial nerve to obtain M-waves and H-reflexes in the MG. The evaluators used these responses to localize the IZs relative to anatomical landmarks. M-wave and H-reflex IZ frequency identification were compared. The IZs of the MG were mostly located in the cephalocaudal direction, at 39.7% of the leg length and 34% of the knee's condylar width. The IZs were most frequently identified in the M-wave (83.33%, 22/24) compared to the H-reflex (8.33%, 2/24) (p > 0.001). Imposed contractions revealed that the IZ of the MG is located at 39.7% of the leg length. To locate the IZs of the MG muscle, the M-wave is more useful than the H-reflex.

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Wheelchair rugby was created as part of the rehabilitation for patients with spinal cord injury. The biomechanical analysis of wheelchair propulsion (WP) in these athletes seems to be a key element to understand the reasons behind musculoskeletal injuries. This case reports study aimed to describe the electromyographic activity and kinematic parameters of the shoulder during the propulsion phases on the wheelchair in two Paralympic rugby players (A1 and A2) with spinal cord injury. Myoelectric activity (three portions of the deltoid, biceps and triceps brachii) and kinematics of the shoulder were assessed during the push (PP) and recovery (RP) phases. These variables were calculated considering ten propulsion cycles by each athlete. The results showed a different muscle activation between players, A1 described a high average amplitude of the anterior deltoid (PP = 58.44 ± 16.35%MVC; RP = 43.16 ± 13.48%MVC) in both propulsion phases, while A2 generated high average activity of triceps brachii (29.28 ± 10.63%MVC) and middle deltoid (46.53 ± 14.48%MVC), during PP and RP, respectively. At the same time, the player with a C7-T1 spinal cord injury (A2) showed a higher range of motion in the three plans, considering both propulsion phases.

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Objective: To describe the national by federal entity prevalence of the nutritional status of weight and length at birth. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional descrip­tive study. Data from 1 907 341 alive newborns in 2017, registered in the Subsistema de Información sobre Nacimientos (Sinac), were analyzed. The percentiles for weight and length were estimated in the INTERGROWTH-21st platform. Results: The prevalence of small gestational age (SGA) and insufficient length (IL) was 7.4 and 4.8%, respectively. Differ­ences in the prevalence of IL, SGA and large for the gestational age (LGA) by sex were recorded (p <0.01). The entities with the highest prevalence of SGA were Estado de México and Yucatán (10.4%); Sonora (15.3%) and Baja California Sur (16.8%) of LGA. Conclusion: Sizing the nutritional status at birth allows the identification of entities that require targeted actions to reduce the risks associated with malnutrition.

Objetivo. Describir la prevalencia nacional por entidad federativa del estado de nutrición de peso y longitud al nacimiento. Material y métodos. Estudio transversal descriptivo. Se analizaron datos de 1 907 341 recién nacidos vivos en 2017, registrados en el Subsistema de Información sobre Nacimientos (Sinac). Los percentiles para peso y lon­gitud se estimaron en la plataforma INTERGROWTH-21st. Resultados. La prevalencia de pequeños para la edad ges­tacional (PEG) y longitud insuficiente (LI) fue de 7.4 y 4.8%, respectivamente. Se registraron diferencias por sexo en las prevalencias de LI, PEG y grandes para la edad gestacional (GEG) (p <0.01). Las entidades con mayores prevalencias de PEG (10.4%) fueron Estado de México y Yucatán. De GEG, fueron Sonora (16.8%) y Baja California Sur (15.3%). Conclu­sión. Dimensionar el estado de nutrición al nacer permite identificar entidades que requieren acciones focalizadas para disminuir los riesgos asociados con la malnutrición.

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Resumen: Objetivo: Describir la prevalencia nacional por entidad federativa del estado de nutrición de peso y longitud al nacimiento. Material y métodos: Estudio transversal descriptivo. Se analizaron datos de 1 907 341 recién nacidos vivos en 2017, registrados en el Subsistema de Información sobre Nacimientos (Sinac). Los percentiles para peso y longitud se estimaron en la plataforma INTERGROWTH-21st. Resultados: La prevalencia de pequeños para la edad gestacional (PEG) y longitud insuficiente (LI) fue de 7.4 y 4.8%, respectivamente. Se registraron diferencias por sexo en las prevalencias de LI, PEG y grandes para la edad gestacional (GEG) (p <0.01). Las entidades con mayores prevalencias de PEG (10.4%) fueron Estado de México y Yucatán. De GEG, fueron Sonora (16.8%) y Baja California Sur (15.3%). Conclusión: Dimensionar el estado de nutrición al nacer permite identificar entidades que requieren acciones focalizadas para disminuir los riesgos asociados con la malnutrición.

Abstract: Objective: To describe the national by federal entity prevalence of the nutritional status of weight and length at birth. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study. Data from 1 907 341 alive newborns in 2017, registered in the Subsistema de Información sobre Nacimientos (Sinac), were analyzed. The percentiles for weight and length were estimated in the INTERGROWTH-21stplatform. Results: The prevalence of small gestational age (SGA) and insufficient length (IL) was 7.4 and 4.8%, respectively. Differences in the prevalence of IL, SGA and large for the gestational age (LGA) by sex were recorded (p <0.01). The entities with the highest prevalence of SGA were Estado de México and Yucatán (10.4%); Sonora (15.3%) and Baja California Sur (16.8%) of LGA. Conclusion: Sizing the nutritional status at birth allows the identification of entities that require targeted actions to reduce the risks associated with malnutrition.

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Introducción. Fenómenos neurofisiológicos, como la coactivación muscular, se han utilizado para identificar tareas motoras que requieren una mayor estabilidad articular en personas sanas o con trastornos del movimiento. Sin embargo, existen varias formas de calcular el índice de coactivación (IC) muscular. Objetivo. El objetivo de este artículo fue crear una propuesta de procesamiento para calcular el IC muscular mediante el diseño de dos funciones utilizando el lenguaje Python. La primera función calcula el IC utilizando la fórmula planteada por Falconer y Winter, definida como "coactivation index". Se requiere introducir dos señales de músculos antagonistas con una misma longitud de datos y frecuencia de muestreo. Estas señales son previamente normalizadas a la contracción voluntaria máxima utilizando valores promedios rectificados. La segunda función definida como "plot_coactivacion" despliega una figura con los cambios de amplitud de ambos músculos y su área común. Estas funciones fueron creadas con un lenguaje de libre acceso (Python), destacando su clara sintaxis y la amplia gama de librerías en el procesamiento de señales biomédicas.

Introduction. Neurophysiological phenomena, such as muscle coactivation, have been used to identify motor tasks requiring greater joint stability in healthy people or with movement disorders. Nonetheless, there are many ways to calculate the coactivation index (CI). This article aimed to create a processing pipeline to calculate the muscular CI by designing two functions with the Python language. The first function calculates the CI utilising the formula proposed by Falconer and Winter, defined as "coactivation_index". It is required to introduce two signals of antagonist muscles with the same data long and sample frequency. These signals were previously normalised to the maximum voluntary contraction using the averaged rectified values. The second function was defined as "plot_coactivacion", which unfolds a figure that describes the amplitude changes for both muscles and their common area. These functions were designed with a freely accessible language (Python), highlighting its clear syntax and the number of libraries associated with biomedical signal processing.

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The instantaneous spatial representation of electrical propagation produced by muscle contraction may introduce bias in surface electromyographical (sEMG) activation maps. Here, we described the effect of instantaneous spatial representation (sEMG segmentation) on embedded fuzzy topological polyhedrons and image features extracted from sEMG activation maps. We analyzed 73,008 topographic sEMG activation maps from seven healthy participants (age 21.4 ± 1.5 years and body mass 74.5 ± 8.5 kg) who performed submaximal isometric plantar flexions with 64 surface electrodes placed over the medial gastrocnemius muscle. Window lengths of 50, 100, 150, 250, 500, and 1,000 ms and overlap of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 90% to change sEMG map generation were tested in a factorial design (grid search). The Shannon entropy and volume of global embedded tri-dimensional geometries (polyhedron projections), and the Shannon entropy, location of the center (LoC), and image moments of maps were analyzed. The polyhedron volume increased when the overlap was <25% and >75%. Entropy decreased when the overlap was <25% and >75% and when the window length was <100 ms and >500 ms. The LoC in the x-axis, entropy, and the histogram moments of maps showed effects for overlap (p < 0.001), while the LoC in the y-axis and entropy showed effects for both overlap and window length (p < 0.001). In conclusion, the instantaneous sEMG maps are first affected by outer parameters of the overlap, followed by the length of the window. Thus, choosing the window length and overlap parameters can introduce bias in sEMG activation maps, resulting in distorted regional muscle activation.

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Resumen: Las dilataciones biliares son malformaciones congénitas raras que pueden involucrar la totalidad de la vía biliar, más comunes durante la primera década de la vida. La mayoría de los casos se presentan con dolor abdominal crónico localizado en cuadrante superior derecho e ictericia. La alta sospecha clínica acompañada de estudios de imagen son indispensables para el diagnóstico. El tratamiento ha evolucionado hasta que en la actualidad la resección completa de los quistes se ha convertido en el manejo de elección, ya que presenta buena respuesta, aunque sin quedar exentos de complicaciones a largo plazo. Presentamos el caso de un paciente del sexo masculino, de 27 años de edad, con historia de dolor abdominal epigástrico de 3 meses de evolución, diagnosticado como quiste de colédoco Todani IVa por resonancia magnética. Se realizó manejo quirúrgico abierto con resección total del quiste y derivación biliodigestiva en Y de Roux sin complicaciones. Fue egresado a los 7 días postoperatorios sin eventualidades. Se realizó revisión de la literatura enfocada en el abordaje y manejo quirúrgico de casos similares.

Abstract: Biliary tree dilations are unusual congenital malformations that may involve the entire bile circulation and they are common during the first life decade. Most cases initiate with jaundice and chronic abdominal pain which localizes in right upper quadrant. High clinical suspicion accompanied by imaging studies are essential for diagnosis. Treatment has evolved until today complete cyst resection has become the treatment of choice, since it presents a good response, although without being free from long-term complications. We present the case of a 27-year-old male patient with a history of 3 months onset epigastric abdominal pain diagnosed as Todani IVa common bile duct choledochal cyst by magnetic resonance imaging. Open surgical management was performed with total resection of the cyst and biliodigestive Roux-en-Y diversion without any complications. He was discharged 7 days post-op. A review of the literature focused on the surgical approach and management of similar cases was carried out.