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This study compared the effect of oregano essential oil versus sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, and benzalkonium chloride against the viability of adhered Salmonella Typhimurium and Escherichia coli O157:H7 on 304 stainless steel. Oregano essential oil was effective in disrupting the biofilms of both bacteria at concentrations ranging from 0.15 to 0.52 mg mL-1. In addition, damage to stainless-steel surfaces following disinfection treatments was assessed by weight loss analysis and via visual inspection using light microscopy. Compared to the other treatments, oregano oil caused the least damage to stainless steel (~0.001% weight loss), whereas sodium hypochlorite caused the most severe damage (0.00817% weight loss) when applied at 0.5 mg mL-1. Moreover, oregano oil also had an apparent protective impact on the stainless steel as weight losses were less than for the control surfaces (distilled water only). On the other hand, sodium hypochlorite caused the most severe damage to stainless steel (0.00817% weight loss). In conclusion, oregano oil eliminated monoculture biofilms of two important foodborne pathogens on 304 stainless-steel surfaces, while at the same time minimizing damage to the surfaces compared with conventional disinfectant treatments.

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Objetivo: Identificar las principales preocupaciones antes y después de realizarse un procedimiento quirúrgico, e identificar diferencias basadas en género, edad y nivel de escolaridad. Material y Método: Mediante un muestreo no probabilístico incidental se aplicaron 201 encuestas semiestructuradas a personas en la sala de espera del HSJD. Las respuestas fueron procesadas mediante un análisis mixto donde se organizaron categorías por unidades de significancia y se ordenaron de forma decreciente para luego comparar según edad, género y escolaridad. Resultados: Respecto a los aspectos que las personas consideran relevante conocer previo a la cirugía, 4 categorías concentran el 71 % del total: 1. Riesgos, complicaciones y secuelas, 2. Explicación del procedimiento, 3. Beneficios y pronóstico, 4. Cuidados y evaluaciones previas. En relación con lo que le gustaría que le explicaran después, se prioriza: 1. Conocer los resultados del procedimiento (19,3%), 2. Control, derivaciones y cuidados paliativos (15%), 3. Tiempo de recuperación (13,7%). Diferencias significativas: una mayor necesidad de acompañamiento y explicación de la patología expresada por hombres, el interés por conocer y los aspectos relacionados con funcionalidad postoperatoria en personas entre 18-65 años, el interés de conocer los cuidados y evaluaciones previas, conocer los resultados del procedimiento, los cuidados de la herida y la funcionalidad posoperatoria según nivel educacional. Discusión y conclusión: Existen variaciones significativas en contenido prioritario según edad, género y nivel educacional. Finalmente, el presente artículo proporciona evidencia en cuanto a las principales prioridades de pacientes en el sistema público chileno para el consentimiento informado.

Aim: To identify the main concerns before and after undergoing a surgical procedure, and to identify differences based on gender, age and level of education. Material and Method: 201 semi-structured surveys were administered to people in the waiting room of the HSJD by means of incidental non-probabilistic sampling. The responses were processed by means of a mixed analysis in which categories were organized by units of significance and ordered in decreasing order to then compare according to age, gender and schooling. Results: Regarding the aspects that people considered relevant to know before surgery, 4 categories accounted for 71% of the total: 1. Risks, complications and sequels, 2. Explanation of the procedure, 3. Benefits and prognosis, 4. Prior care and evaluations. In relation to what you would like to have explained to you afterwards, priority is given to: 1. knowing the results of the procedure (19.3%), 2. Monitoring, referrals and palliative care (15%), 3. Recovery time (13.7%). Significant differences: a greater need for accompaniment and explanation of the pathology expressed by men, interest in knowing and aspects related to postoperative functionality in persons between 18-65 years of age, interest in knowing the previous care and evaluations, knowing the results of the procedure, wound care and postoperative functionality according to educational level. Discussion and conclusion: There are significant variations in priority content according to age, gender and educational level. Finally, the present article provides evidence regarding the main priorities of patients in the chilean public system for informed consent.

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Introducción: Se denomina Enfermedad Pulmonar Intersticial Difusa (EPID) a un conjunto heterogéneo de patologías caracterizadas por inflamación y fibrosis pulmonar. El diagnóstico basado en patrones clínicos o radiológicos puede, ocasionalmente, ser insuficiente para iniciar un tratamiento. La biopsia pulmonar quirúrgica es una alternativa cuando se requiere aumentar la precisión diagnóstica luego de discusión multidisciplinaria. Objetivo: Describir el rendimiento diagnóstico, morbilidad y mortalidad de las biopsias quirúrgicas pulmonares en un hospital público chileno. Pacientes y Método: Cohorte retrospectiva de todos los pacientes a quienes se realizó biopsia quirúrgica por diagnóstico de EPID entre los años 2010 y 2020, indicada por un comité multidisciplinario. Se excluyen procedimientos similares o biopsias con diagnóstico de EPID como hallazgo incidental. Resultados: 38 pacientes intervenidos, mediana de edad de 63 años, 47% femenino. Solo 1 (2,6%) paciente operado de urgencia, y 34 (89,5%) por videotoracoscopía. 5 (13,1%) pacientes presentaron morbilidad, en 4 de ellos fuga aérea, ninguno requiriendo intervención adicional. No hubo rehospitalización, reoperación ni mortalidad a 90 días. En el 95% de los casos se alcanzó un diagnóstico preciso de la EPID tras discusión multidisciplinaria. Discusión: Se observa un alto rendimiento diagnóstico y una baja morbimortalidad en los pacientes estudiados. La baja frecuencia de procedimientos de urgencia y la adecuada indicación en comité multidisciplinario puede haber contribuido a la baja morbilidad. Conclusión: La biopsia pulmonar quirúrgica en un hospital general tiene un alto rendimiento diagnóstico cuando se discute en comité multidisciplinario para precisar el diagnostico en EPID, con una baja morbimortalidad si se seleccionan adecuadamente los pacientes.

Background: Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD) is a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by inflammation and fibrosis of the lung. Diagnosis based exclusively on clinical or radiologic patterns may be inaccurate, and if a reliable diagnosis cannot be made, surgical lung biopsy can be strongly considered to increase the diagnostic yield after multidisciplinary committee. Objective: To review the diagnostic results, morbidity, and mortality of surgical biopsies in a chilean public health institution. Patients and Method: Retrospective cohort of patients operated for diagnostic purposes for ILD between 2010 - 2020. Surgical biopsies done for other diagnoses were excluded. Results: 38 patients were included, with a median age of 63 years, 47% were female. Only 1 patient (2.6%) underwent emergency surgery and 89.5% underwent minimally invasive surgery techniques. 5 patients had some morbidity (13.1%), 4 of them being air leak. All complications were successfully managed conservatively. We had no readmission, reoperations, or 90-day mortality in this cohort. In 95% of the cases an accurate diagnosis of ILD was reached after multidisciplinary discussion. Discussion: In our experience surgical lung biopsy has a high diagnostic yield and a low morbidity and mortality. A low number of emergency procedures and accurate surgical indication by an expert committee could explain the low morbidity. Conclusion: Surgical lung biopsy in a general hospital reach a high diagnostic performance when discussed in a multidisciplinary committee to specify the diagnosis in ILD, with low morbidity and mortality if patients are properly selected.

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Establecer un protocolo de cirugía guiada estática con técnicas referenciales para ser realizado de manera predecible, repetible y simple, en todos los tipos de casos. El protocolo abreviado guiado digital para cirugía guiada estática para implantes se centra en diseñar computacionalmente una guía quirúrgica que se apoye en el tejido remanente del paciente, siendo un protocolo digital versátil para la cirugía y rehabilitación implanto protésica, basada en registros clínicos, principalmente la línea de la sonrisa y la captación de ésta en tomografía de haz cónico (CBCT), además de establecer dimensión vertical oclusal (DVO). Logrando así, planificación de implantes hasta la inserción inmediata de la prótesis temporal. Se ejemplifica el trabajo con 2 casos clínicos. Se establece un protocolo con la intención de que pueda ser realizado en pacientes desdentados parciales (Técnica de Registro Silicona) o totales (Técnica de Marcadores Tisulares en prótesis), definiendo un flujo de trabajo tridimensional, digital y optimizado, con un consecuente ahorro de tiempo clínico. Como principio del protocolo de cirugía guiada es lograr el objetivo quirúrgico - protésico deseado con alta precisión. La cirugía y rehabilitación de implantes de manera convencional es altamente dependiente del operador por lo que la alternativa de cirugía guiada de manera estática es una herramienta más para mejorar el pronóstico del paciente. Se establece un protocolo digital simple y efectivo, de cirugía guiada, para la rehabilitación implanto protésica basada en la línea de la sonrisa, tomografía de haz cónico (CBCT), dimensión vertical oclusal (DVO). Protocolo predecible y que optimiza los tiempos clínicos, logrando una rehabilitación protésica inmediata acorde e individualizada para cada paciente.

Establish a static guided surgery protocol with referential techniques to be performed in a predictable, repeatable and simple way, in all types of cases. The abbreviated digital guided protocol for static guided surgery for implants focuses on computationally designing a surgical guide that rests on the patient's remaining tissue, being a versatile digital protocol for prosthetic implant surgery and rehabilitation, based on clinical records, mainly the line of the smile and its uptake in cone beam tomography (CBCT), in addition to establishing occlusal vertical dimension (OVD). Thus achieving implant planning until the immediate insertion of the temporary prosthesis. The work is exemplified with 2 clinical cases. A protocol is established with the intention that it can be carried out in partially edentulous patients (Silicone Registration Technique) or total (Tissue Marker Technique in prostheses), defining a three-dimensional, digital and optimized workflow, with a consequent saving of time. clinical. As a principle of the guided surgery protocol, it is to achieve the desired surgical-prosthetic objective with high precision. Conventional implant surgery and rehabilitation is highly dependent on the operator, so the alternative of statically guided surgery is one more tool to improve the patient's prognosis. A simple and effective digital protocol for guided surgery is established for prosthetic implant rehabilitation based on the smile line, cone beam tomography (CBCT), and occlusal vertical dimension (OVD). Predictable protocol that optimizes clinical times, achieving an immediate and individualized prosthetic rehabilitation for each patient.

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BACKGROUND: The adherence of the elderly to therapeutic programs, either they are pharmacological or psychosocial, is generally low. OBJECTIVE: Identifying predictive variables of adherence of a social program from elderly with multifunctional independence or mild dependence. METHOD: Prospective longitudinal design with 104 elderly participants in a social program. The inclusion criteria were: to participate in a social program for elderly, present functional independence or mild dependence, without depression clinically confirmed. Descriptive analyzes were performed with the study variables in addition to hypothesis testing and linear and logistic regression models to identify predictive variables of adherence. RESULTS: 22% of the participants met the minimum adherence, observing better compliance in younger people (p = 0.004), among those who had a better Health-Related Quality of Life (p = 0.036) and better health literacy levels (p = 0.017). According to a linear regression model, the variables associated with adherence were: social program of origin (OR = 5,122), perception of social support (OR = 1,170), cognitive status (OR = 2,537). CONCLUSION: The level of adherence of the older people of the study can be evaluated as low, which is consistent with the findings of the specialized literature. The variables identified with predictive capacity on adherence were social program of origin, a condition that can be incorporated into the design of the interventions in order to facilitate territorial equity. It is also important to highlight the importance of health literacy and the risk of dysphagia in the level of adherence.

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OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to answer the question: "Is guided endodontics an effective technique for locating calcified canals?". METHODS: A systematic search was carried out by two independent authors in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Scielo databases. According to the PIOS criteria, observational studies, ex vivo studies, clinical case reports, and case series were included. The quality of evidence of observational studies, case reports, and case series were assessed using the respective Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tool, and a previous personalized tool was used to assess the quality of the ex vivo studies. RESULTS: Forty-five studies were included. Of them, 21 were clinical case reports, 11 case series, 12 ex vivo studies, and 1 cohort study. Of the 45 studies analyzed, 43 reported that guided endodontics is an effective and precise technique to access the permeable portion of calcified canals. Only 2 studies report accidents or failures related to the use of endodontic guides. CONCLUSIONS: Guided endodontics allows conservative access, minimizes accidents, and is effective in locating calcified canals; however, it is a technique that still presents limitations. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Guided endodontics has been proposed as a simple and effective technique for the treatment of calcified canals. The expansion of this technique requires knowing its benefits and limitations to ensure success and avoid accidents.

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El canal incisivo es una estructura anatómica ósea que, según la terminología anatómica actual, se encuentra ubicada exclusivamente en la premaxila. Sin embargo, a continuación de los canales mandibulares, se desprenden hacia lateral los canales mentonianos (que contiene el paquete vasculonervioso del mismo nombre) y hacia anterior continua un paquete vasculonervioso, también denominado incisivo que inerva e irriga a dichos dientes mandibulares. Con el fin de aclarar lo previamente mencionado y distinguir ambas estructuras incisivas, se pretende agregar un sufijo (maxilar o mandibular) rectificando los nombres de dichos canales. Para lo anterior, se realizó una revisión de la bibliografía disponible en PubMed y Google Académico, con las palabras clave "CANAL INCISIVO" e "INCISIVE CANAL", utilizando como operador booleano la palabra OR. Los criterios de inclusión de los estudios fueron: 1) que se refieran a algún canal incisivo (ya sea maxilar o mandibular) 2) que estén disponibles para ser leídos a texto completo y 3) que su idioma sea inglés o español. De la totalidad de los artículos analizados, un 52 % hablaba exclusivamente del canal incisivo maxilar, un 43 % solo del canal incisivo mandibular y un 5 % sobre ambos. Concluyendo, podemos colegir que es de suma importancia que se regularice la nomenclatura de dichas estructuras anatómicas, debido a que, el hecho de reconocerla como tal permite garantizar su estudio y aporte desde toda la comunidad científica, sin importar la procedencia ni el idioma. Además, el canal incisivo mandibular está bien documentado, por lo que, al no ser reconocido en la terminología anatómica, se pierde la principal misión de la asociación internacional de asociaciones de anatomía (IFAA), la cual es unificar y organizar los nombres de las estructuras anatómicas existentes.

SUMMARY: The incisive canal is an anatomical bone structure that, according to current anatomical terminology, is located exclusively in the premaxilla. However, following the mandibular canals, the mental canals (containing the neurovascular bundle of the same name) branch off laterally and a neurovascular bundle continues anteriorly, also called the incisor, which innervates and irrigates said mandibular teeth. In order to clarify what was previously mentioned and to distinguish both incisive structures, it is intended to add a suffix (maxillary or mandibular) correcting the names of said canals. For the above, a review of the literature available in PubMed and Google Scholar was carried out, with the keywords "INCISIVE CANAL" and "INCISIVE CANAL", using the word OR as a boolean operator. The inclusion criteria of the studies were: 1) that they refer to an incisive canal (whether maxillary or mandibular) 2) that they be available to be read in full text and 3) that their language be English or Spanish. Of all the articles analyzed, 52% spoke exclusively about the maxillary incisive canal, 43% only about the mandibular incisive canal, and 5% about both. In conclusion, we can infer that it is of the utmost importance that the nomenclature of these anatomical structures be regularized, because the fact of recognizing it as such allows guaranteeing its study and contribution from the entire scientific community, regardless of origin or language. In addition, the mandibular incisive canal is well documented, therefore, by not being recognized in anatomical terminology, the main mission of the international association of anatomy associations (IFAA) is lost, which is to unify and organize the names of the anatomy. existing anatomical structures.

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Resumen Los tumores cerebrales se caracterizan por su gran morbilidad y mortalidad. La gran mayoría corresponde a tumores secundarios (metástasis). Dentro de los tumores primarios del sistema nervioso central, los gliomas corresponden al 30% de éstos. En EEUU, entre el 2007-2011, se estima una incidencia aproximada de 21,4 casos por 100.000 habitantes. Los recientes avances en la comprensión molecular de la biología de estos tumores han permitido mejorar sustancialmente su clasificación, posibilitando realizar un mejor correlato con los desenlaces clínicos y el pronóstico. En esta línea, hoy en día es posible estratificar a los pacientes por riesgo y entregar tratamientos capaces de prolongar la sobrevida global entre 5-7 años, para los gliomas grado II y III. El presente consenso, elaborado por un panel multidisciplinario de expertos de diversas sociedades científicas chilenas y, por tanto, de todas las especialidades involucradas en el manejo médico-quirúrgico de las personas portadoras de gliomas cerebrales. A la luz de este nuevo conocimiento desarrollado al alero de la oncología molecular, esta propuesta ofrece un insumo de utilidad clínica real, que, articulado a una revisión actualizada en relación con el tratamiento y seguimiento de estos pacientes, permite entender la relevancia de estos biomarcadores en el manejo de precisión de la enfermedad. Cabe señalar que, este manuscrito emerge de la misma fuerza de trabajo, que elaboró el Protocolo Clínico de Gliomas del Adulto 2019, publicado por el Ministerio de Salud, y que ha diferencia de esta, que ofrece los detalles clínicos-operativos, como flujogramas y dosis, nuestra revisión intenta relevar los avances imagenológicos y moleculares y como estos impactan en el manejo actual de la enfermedad.

Brain tumors are characterized by high morbidity and mortality. The vast majority correspond to secondary tumors (metastasis). On the other hand, within the primary tumors of the central nervous system, gliomas correspond to 30% of these. In the US, between 2007-2011, an approximate incidence of 21.4 cases per 100,000 inhabitants was estimated. Recent advances in the molecular understanding of the biology of these tumors have made it possible to substantially improve their classification, allowing a better correlation with clinical outcomes and prognosis. Along these lines, today, it is possible to stratify patients by risk and deliver treatments capable of prolonging global survival between 5-7 years, for grade II and III gliomas. The present consensus, prepared by a multidisciplinary panel of experts from various Chilean scientific societies and, therefore, from all the specialties involved in the medical and surgical therapy. Enlightened from the molecular oncology, this proposal offers an input of clinical utility, which, together with an updated review in relation to the treatment and follow-up of these patients, allows us to understand the relevance of these biomarkers in precision disease management. It should be noted that this manuscript emerges from the same work force, which prepared the Clinical Protocol for Adult Gliomas 2019, published by the Ministry of Health, and that differs from it, which offers clinical-operative details, such as flowcharts and dose, our review attempts to reveal imaging and molecular advances and how they impact the current management of the disease.

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BACKGROUND: A serogroup W (MenW) outbreak in Chile prompted a meningococcal vaccination campaign using tetravalent meningococcal-conjugate vaccines (MCV-ACWY) in children since 2012, followed by its introduction into the National Immunization Program (NIP) in toddlers from 2014. Direct protection was observed, but no indirect effects in other age-groups were evidenced. The aim of this study was to describe invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) cases in Chile between 2009 and 2019, and its trend after the introduction of MCV-ACWYs. METHODS: IMD cases, cumulative incidence per 100,000 inhabitants, CFR, and vaccination uptake were described. Data were obtained from the Public Health Institute and NIP. RESULTS: Overall-IMD cases increased in 2009-2014 period, followed by a decline in 2015-2019, focused in infants, children <5 years and people ≥60 years. Serogroup B (MenB) and MenW alternate its predominance. Median overall incidence was 0.6/100,000, increasing from 0.6/100,000 in 2009 to 0.8/100,000 in 2014, later decreasing to 0.4/100,000 in 2019. Median incidences for MenB, serogroup C (MenC) and Y (MenY) were 0.25/100,000, <0.01/100,000 and <0.01/100,000, respectively. Median MenW incidence was 0.53/100,000, increasing from 0.01/100,000 in 2009 to 0.56/100,000 in 2014, followed by a constant decline to 0.12 in 2019. Infants, children <5 years and adults ≥60 years were affected the most, with median incidences of 9.7, 0.9 and 0.93, decreasing to 1.3, 0.1 and 0.1/100,000 in 2019, respectively. Median overall-CFR was 19%, 7.5% for MenB and 24.5% for MenW. Median MCV-ACWY uptake was 93% CONCLUSION: Overall-IMD, MenW cases and incidence declined since 2015 after the MCV-ACWY introduction, while MenB, MenC and MenY have been stable. MenW incidence declined in all age groups, including non-immunized infants and people >60 years. Further analysis and a longer period of observation are needed to have a more robust conclusion about this epidemiological trend. By 2019, CFR remains high.

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Thoria was prepared using a solid-state method from the macromolecular precursor Chitosan·Th(NO3)4 (chitosan) and PS-co-4-PVP·Th(NO3)4 (PVP). The morphology and the average size of ThO2 depend of the chitosan and PS-co-4-PVP polymer forming the precursor. Their photoluminescent properties were investigated, finding a dependence of their intensity emission maxima, with the nature of the precursor polymer. The photocatalytic activity of ThO2 toward the degradation of methylene blue was measured for the first time, finding a degradation of about 66% in 300 min. The inclusion of ThO2 into SiO2 and TiO2 was achieved by the solid-state pyrolysis of the macromolecular composites Chitosan·Th(NO3)4//MO2 and PS-co-4-PVP·Th(NO3)4//MO2, MO2 = SiO2 or TiO2. The ThO2 exhibits a homogeneous dispersion inside the silica, showing sizes of about 40 and 50 nm for the chitosan and PVP polymer precursors, respectively. The luminescent properties of the ThO2/SiO2 and ThO2/TiO2 composites were also studied, finding a decrease in intensity when introducing the SiO2 or TiO2 matrices. The photocatalytic behavior to methylene blue degradation of ThO2 and their composites ThO2/SiO2 and ThO2/TiO2 was investigated for the first time, with them in the following order: ThO2 > ThO2/TiO2 > ThO2/SiO2.