RESUMO
Thirty-nine microsatellite loci that are highly conserved in red deer, sika deer, reindeer, Soay sheep, and other artiodactyls were tested in two vulnerable and endangered Neotropical deer (pudu: Pudu puda and huemul: Hippocamelus bisulcus) with the aim of producing a standardized set of markers that can be used successfully in noninvasive samples from these species. We also compared these nonspecific loci against eight polymorphic loci that were recently developed for huemul to determine whether the nonspecific markers could reflect the huemul's genetic variation that was observed with the specific loci. We identified 10 suitable loci, six of which constitute a standardized set for the two species and can be used to identify them in the absence of phenotypic data. The expected heterozygosity per locus for the panel of six loci ranged from 0.461 to 0.889 (average 0.665), and the maximum probability of identity value was 6.9x10(-6) and 3.2x10(-4) in pudu and huemul, respectively. This set of loci has potential applications in evolutionary, ecological, forensic, and conservation studies in pudu and huemul.
Assuntos
Cervos/genética , Repetições de Microssatélites/genética , Animais , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Espécies em Perigo de Extinção , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Polimorfismo Genético , Ovinos/genética , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: 40 to 50% of elderly with hip fracture present delirium. The morbimortality increase in patients whose presented delirium. OBJECTIVE: To study the use of citicoline (CDP choline) in the prevention of delirium in elderly under hip fracture surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A randomized control trial. The patients with hip fracture without dementia or an other organic brain illness. The medication were administered 24 hours before and during 4 days after surgery. The doses was 1.2 g/day. The primary outcome measure was percentage of patients with delirium measured with Abbreviated Mental Test (AMT) and Confusion Assessment Method (CAM). The Mini Mental State (MMS) was used before and 4 days after surgery. All treatment comparation was considered statistically significant at p< 0.05 calculating chi square and Wilcoxon test. RESULTS: The sample size was 81 patients (46 placebo and 35 citicoline). The mean age was 79.45 for tested group and 79.97 for placebo. There was no statistically significant difference between groups with respect to ASA class of anesthesia. The incidence of delirium was 17.39% in placebo and 11.76% in citicoline group (p= 0.6). CAM and AMT at 1, 2, 3, 4 days post surgery was not significant in placebo and citicoline group (p= 0.8 and p= 0.34). CONCLUSION: In the present study the citicoline did not prevent or reduce the incidence of delirium in hip fracture surgery in elderly.
Assuntos
Citidina Difosfato Colina/uso terapêutico , Delírio/prevenção & controle , Fraturas do Quadril/cirurgia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/prevenção & controle , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Delírio/etiologia , Feminino , Fraturas do Quadril/complicações , Humanos , Masculino , Nootrópicos/uso terapêutico , PlacebosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Controversies exist on the prevalence of peptic ulcer and on the relationship between the presence of portal hypertension associated lesions in the upper gastrointestinal tract and the histological and functional stages of primary biliary cirrhosis AIM: To evaluate the prevalence of peptic ulcer and endoscopic signs of portal hypertension in subjects with primary biliary cirrhosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective study based on upper gastrointestinal endoscopies in 36 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and 45 subjects with chronic active hepatitis. SETTING: Gastroenterology Center, Hospital Clínico, University of Chile, Santiago. MAIN RESULTS: No differences were demonstrated between the two groups for the prevalence of peptic ulcer (11% in primary biliary cirrhosis vs 13% in chronic active hepatitis). Esophageal varices were found in 5 of 16 patients (31%) in prefibrotic stages of primary biliary cirrhosis compared with 10 of 20 (50%) in whom fibrosis or cirrhosis were noted; NS. Endoscopic signs suggesting hypertensive gastropathy were present in 2 patients with early primary biliary cirrhosis (13%) and in 5 (25%) in advanced stages. CONCLUSIONS: Peptic ulcer is not more prevalent in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis than in those suffering from chronic active hepatitis. Esophageal varices and endoscopic stigmata of portal hypertension induced changes in gastric mucosa can be observed in early stages of primary biliary cirrhosis.