RESUMO

Mesostructured silica SBA-15 and amino-functionalized silica SBA-15-NH2 were synthesized, and then, characterization, adsorption capacity, and immersion enthalpies in caffeine and glyphosate on SBA-15 and SBA-15-NH2 were evaluated. The enthalpy parameter was determined using a local construction Tian-type heat conduction calorimeter. Calorimetric studies in caffeine solutions exhibit negative enthalpy values; exothermic process characteristics for SBA-15 were between -13.90 and -194.06 J g-1 and those for SBA-15-NH2 were between -7.22 and -60.34 J g-1, and the adsorption capacity of caffeine was better in SBA-15 than that in SBA-15-NH2. In contrast, the enthalpies of immersion in glyphosate solutions were -5.06 to -56.2 J g-1 and the immersion of SBA-15-NH2 in each solution generated enthalpy values of -9.06 to -41.2 J g-1, but the adsorption capacity of glyphosate was better in the amino-functionalized SBA-15. The results show that functionalization of SBA-15 produced differences in physicochemical characteristics of solids, since energy and affinity for the calorimetric liquids are related to the surface properties of solids as well as the chemical nature of the target molecule, immersion enthalpy, was different.

RESUMO

Mercury and its compounds are toxic substances, whose uncontrolled presence in the environment represents a danger to ecosystems and the organisms that inhabit in it. For this reason, in this work, we carried out a study of mercury [Hg(II)] adsorption from aqueous solution on functionalized activated carbon. The activated carbons were prepared by chemical activation of a mango seed with solutions of CaCl2 and H2SO4 at different concentrations, later, the carbonaceous materials were functionalized with Na2S, with the aim of increasing the sulfur content in the carbonaceous matrix and its affinity to mercury. The materials were characterized using: proximal analysis, scanning electron microscopy, Boehm titrations, point zero charge (pHPZC), and infrared spectroscopy. Additionally, immersion calorimetries were performed in the mercury solution. The results of textural and chemical characterization show materials with low Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface areas between 2 and 33 m2·g-1 and low pore volumes. However, they had a rich surface chemistry of oxygenated groups. The enthalpies of immersion in the mercury solutions are between -31.71 and -77.31 J·g-1, showing a correlation between the magnitude of the enthalpic data and the adsorption capacity of the materials. It was evidenced that the functionalization process produces a decrease in the surface area and pore volume of the activated carbons, and an increase in the sulfur content of the carbonaceous matrix. It was evidenced that the functionalization process generated an increase in the mercury [Hg(II)] adsorption capacity between 21 and 49% compared to those of the nonfunctionalized materials, reaching a maximum adsorption capacity of 85.6 mgHg2+g-1.

RESUMO

The study estimated the effective coverage of health services in primary care for the management of domestic violence against women in three municipalities in Mexico. We estimated the prevalence and severity of violence using a validated scale, and the effective coverage proposed by Shengelia and partners with any modifications. Quality care was considered when there was a suggestion to report it to authorities. The use and quality of care was low in the three municipalities analyzed, used most frequently when there was sexual or physical violence. Effective coverage was 29.41%, 16.67% and zero in Guachochi, Jojutla and Tizimín, respectively. The effective coverage indicator had difficulties in measuring events and responses that were not based on biomedical models. Findings suggest that the indicator can be improved by incorporating other dimensions of quality.

Assuntos

RESUMO

El estudio estimó la cobertura efectiva de los servicios en salud de primer nivel de atención para el manejo de la violencia doméstica contra la mujer en tres municipios mexicanos. Se estimó la prevalencia y severidad de la violencia usando una escala validada, y la cobertura efectiva con la propuesta de Shengelia y colaboradores, con modificaciones. Se consideró atención con calidad cuando hubo sugerencia de hacer la denuncia a las autoridades. La utilización y calidad de la atención fue baja en los tres municipios analizados, siendo más frecuente la utilización cuando hubo violencia sexual o física. La cobertura efectiva en Guachochi, Jojutla y Tizimín fue de 29.41%, 16.67% y cero, respectivamente. El indicador de cobertura efectiva tiene dificultades para medir eventos y respuestas no se fundamentan en modelos biomédicos. Los hallazgos sugieren que el indicador puede ser mejorado al incorporar otras dimensiones de la calidad.

O estudo estimou a cobertura eficaz dos serviços da atenção primaria em saúde na gestão da violência doméstica contra as mulheres em três cidades mexicanas. Estimou-se a prevalência e a gravidade da violência doméstica por meio de uma escala validada enquanto a cobertura eficaz foi obtida por meio da proposta de Shengelia e colaboradores, com algumas alterações. O atendimento foi considerado de qualidade quando houve a sugestão de fazer a denúncia às autoridades. O uso dos serviços e a qualidade do atendimento foram baixos nos três municípios analisados, sendo mais frequente a utilização do serviço quando houve violência sexual ou física. A cobertura efetiva em Guachochi, Jojutla e Tizimin foi de 29,41%, 16,67% e zero, respectivamente. O índice de cobertura eficaz apresentou dificuldade em medir desfechos reais e respostas não baseadas em modelos biomédicos. Os resultados sugerem que o indicador pode ser melhorado pela incorporação de outras dimensões da qualidade do atendimento.

The study estimated the effective coverage of health services in primary care for the management of domestic violence against women in three municipalities in Mexico. We estimated the prevalence and severity of violence using a validated scale, and the effective coverage proposed by Shengelia and partners with any modifications. Quality care was considered when there was a suggestion to report it to authorities. The use and quality of care was low in the three municipalities analyzed, used most frequently when there was sexual or physical violence. Effective coverage was 29.41%, 16.67% and zero in Guachochi, Jojutla and Tizimín, respectively. The effective coverage indicator had difficulties in measuring events and responses that were not based on biomedical models. Findings suggest that the indicator can be improved by incorporating other dimensions of quality.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Activated carbon honeycomb-monoliths with different textural properties were prepared by chemical activation of African palm shells with H(3)PO(4), ZnCl(2) and CaCl(2) aqueous solutions of various concentrations. The adsorbents obtained were characterized by N(2) adsorption at 77 K, and their carbon dioxide adsorption capacities were measured at 273 K and 1 Bar in volumetric adsorption equipment. The experimental adsorption isotherms were fitted to Langmuir and Tóth models, and a better fit was observed to Tóth equation with a correlation coefficient of 0.999. The maximum experimental values for adsorption capacity at the highest pressure (2.627-5.756 mmol·g(-1)) are between the calculated data in the two models.

Assuntos

RESUMO

En este trabajo se presentan los resultados obtenidos de la calorimetría de inmersión en benceno sobre monolitos de carbón activado tipo disco y panal, que se obtuvieron mediante activación química de cascara de coco con cloruro de zinc a diferentes concentraciones. Adicionalmente, las estructuras fueron caracterizadas por adsorción de N2 a 77 K. Las entalpías de inmersión determinadas se encuentran entre 73,5 y 164,2 Jg-1; con los datos de inmersión se calculó el área accesible y se comparó con el área obtenida mediante adsorción de N2 a 77K, encontrando una buena correlación. En todas las muestras se observó un aumento de la entalpía de inmersión en benceno con el área superficial, igualmente una disminución de la energía característica con el aumento del volumen de poro.

This work presents the results obtained from immersion calorimetry in benzene on activated carbon monoliths disc and honeycomb type that were obtained from coconut shell using chemical activation with zinc chloride at different concentrations. The structures were characterized by adsorption N2 at 77 K. The immersion enthalpies are between 73.5 and 164.2 Jg-1. Using immersion enthalpy data the accessible area was calculated and compared with the area obtained by N2 adsorption at 77K. A good correlation was found. In all the samples was observed an increase in the immersion enthalpy into benzene with the surface area. In addition there was a decrease in the energy characteristic with increasing pore volume.

Neste trabalho se apresentam os resultados obtidos da calorimetría de imersão em benzeno sobre monolitos de carvão ativado tipo disco e panal que se obtiveram mediante activação química de casca de coco com cloreto de zinco a diferentes concentrações. Adicionalmente as estruturas foram caracterizadas por adsorção de N2 a 77 K. As entalpías de imersão determinadas se encontram entre 73,5 e 164,2 Jg-1, com os dados de imersão se calculo o área acessível e se comparo com o área obtida mediante adsorção de N2 a 77K, encontrando uma boa correlação. Em todas as mostras se observo um aumento da entalpía de imersão em benzeno com o área superficial. Ademais se observou uma diminuição da energia característica com o aumento do volume de poro.

RESUMO

Se estudia el efecto que produce el pH de la solución en la adsorción y la entalpia de inmersión de un carbón activado en soluciones acuosas de 3-cloro fenol. El carbón activado presenta un área superficial de 685 m²g-1, mayor contenido de grupos ácidos totales y un pH en el punto de carga cero, ligeramente ácido. Los valores de pH a los que se realizan las isotermas son 3, 5, 7,9y11. Se obtienen valores de la cantidad máxima adsorbida entre 96,2 y 46,4 mgg-1, para cada uno de los valores de pH, y valores entre 0,422 y 0,965 Lmg-1, para la constante de Langmuir. La cantidad máxima adsorbida disminuye con el pH, y el máximo valor para esta se encuentra en el pH de 5. Se determinan las entalpías de inmersión del carbón activado en una solución de concentración constante de 3-cloro fenol a los diferentes pH, con un valor máximo de 37,6 Jg-1 para el pH de 5. Se determinan entalpías de inmersión del carbón activado en función de la concentración de la solución de 3-cloro fenol a pH 5, de máxima adsorción, y se calcula la entalpía de inmersión máxima, con un valor de 41,67 Jg-1.

The effect that produces the solution pH in the adsorption and the immersion enthalpy of an activated carbon in 3-chloro phenol aqueous solutions are studied. The activated carbon presents a surface area of 685 m²g-1, major acid total groups content and a pH in the point of zero charge, lightly acid. The pH values at which the adsorption isotherms and immersion enthalpies were realized are 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11. The results of the adsorption are fitted to the Langmuir model and the values of the maximum quantity adsorbed that are between 96.2 and 46.4 mgg-1 were obtained for each pH value and values between 0.422 and 0.965 Lmg-1 for the Langmuir constant. The maximum quantity adsorbed diminishes with pH, a similar behavior is obtained with regard to the immersion enthalpies; the maximum value for these properties is for pH 5. The immersion enthalpies of the activated carbon in a 3-chloro phenol solution of constant concentration are determined for the different pH values, with a maximum value of 37.6 Jg-1 for pH 5. Immersion enthalpies of the activated carbon in function of 3-chloro phenol solution concentration are determined at pH 5, of maximum adsorption, and the maximum immersion enthalpy is calculated, with a value of 41.67 Jg-1.

Se estuda o efeito que produz o pH da solução na adsorção e a entalpía de imersão de um carvão ativado em soluções acuosas de 3-cloro fenol. O carvão ativado apresenta um área superficial de 685 m²g-1, maior conteúdo de grupos ácidos totais e um pH no ponto de ônus zero, ligeiramente ácido. Os valores de pH aos que se realizam as isotermas são 3, 5, 7, 9 e 11. Obtêm-se valores da quantidade máxima adsorbida entre 96,2 e 46,4 mgg-1, para cada um dos valores de pH e valores entre 0,422 e 0,965 Lmg-1, para a constante de Langmuir. A quantidade máxima adsorbida diminui com o pH e o máximo valor para esta se encontra ao pH de 5. Determinam-se as entalpias de imersão do carvão ativado numa solução de concentração constante de 3-cloro fenol aos diferentes pH, com um valor máximo de 37,6 Jg-1 para o pH de 5. Determinam-se entalpias de imersão do carvão ativado em função da concentração da solução de 3-cloro fenol a pH 5, de máxima adsorção, e se calcula a entalpia de imersão máxima, com um valor de 41,67 Jg-1.