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Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is a potentially fatal disease and may be associated with primary or acquired immunodeficiencies. There are few reports, in the literature, of inborn errors of immunity. Here, we report two cases of VL as a marker of inborn errors of immunity, namely, GATA2 and RAB27A deficiency. Our data suggest that VL patients should be screened for primary immunodeficiency, particularly in cases of VL relapse.

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RESUMO

ABSTRACT Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is a potentially fatal disease and may be associated with primary or acquired immunodeficiencies. There are few reports, in the literature, of inborn errors of immunity. Here, we report two cases of VL as a marker of inborn errors of immunity, namely, GATA2 and RAB27A deficiency. Our data suggest that VL patients should be screened for primary immunodeficiency, particularly in cases of VL relapse.

RESUMO

A Associação Brasileira de Alergia e Imunologia (ASBAI) se manifesta totalmente favorável à imunização contra a COVID-19 em indivíduos entre 5 e 11 anos, para a proteção não somente deste grupo, mas também de seus conviventes. A vacinação de crianças, demonstrada sua eficácia e segurança, é fundamental para o controle da circulação do vírus e proteção de indivíduos cuja resposta vacinal pode não ocorrer de modo eficiente, como os imunocomprometidos e idosos. A imunização de pessoas entre 5 e 11 anos deve ser uma estratégia de saúde pública fundamental para o controle da pandemia que nos assola desde março de 2020 com todas as suas graves consequências para a saúde pública e a economia.

The Brazilian Association of Allergy and Immunology (ASBAI) is totally in favor of immunization against COVID-19 in individuals between 5 and 11 years old, for the protection not only of this group, but also of their cohabitants. The vaccination of children, once its efficacy and safety has been demonstrated, is essential for controlling the circulation of the virus and protecting individuals whose vaccine response may not occur efficiently, such as the immunocompromised and the elderly. The immunization of people between the ages of 5 and 11 must be a fundamental public health strategy to control the pandemic that has been plaguing us since March 2020 with all its serious consequences for public health and the economy.

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Com o início do programa de vacinação contra a COVID-19 no Brasil, surgiu uma série de questionamentos relacionados ao uso dos imunizantes. Neste documento, o grupo de estudo da COVID-19 da Associação Brasileira de Alergia e Imunologia (ASBAI) avalia as evidências científicas e se posiciona em relação aos intervalos preconizados entre a administração das vacinas contra o SARS-CoV-2 e dos imunobiológicos.

With the beginning of the COVID-19 vaccination program in Brazil, a series of questions related to the use of vaccines arose. In this document, the COVID-19 study group of the Brazilian Association of Allergy and Immunology (ASBAI) assesses the scientific evidence and takes a stand for the recommended intervals between the administration of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and that of immunobiological drugs.

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We describe the first report of a patient with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis associated with disseminated and recurrent paracoccidioidomycosis. The investigation demonstrated that the patient had a mannose receptor deficiency, which would explain the patient's susceptibility to chronic infection by Candida spp. and systemic infection by paracoccidioidomycosis. Mannose receptors are responsible for an important link between macrophages and fungal cells during phagocytosis. Deficiency of this receptor could explain the susceptibility to both fungal species, suggesting the impediment of the phagocytosis of these fungi in our patient.

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Há evidências atuais de que a reinfecção pelo SARS-CoV-2 é uma realidade, mas na grande maioria das situações não houve investigação que permitisse sua perfeita caracterização, sendo confirmados poucos casos. Em situações de real reinfecção, esta ocorreu, em sua grande maioria, por variantes do vírus, com diversas mutações, usualmente na proteína da espícula viral, em profissionais de saúde altamente expostos, ou em portadores de imunodeficiências, tanto primárias quanto secundárias. Ressaltamos que as vacinas podem ser modificadas com relativa facilidade, mas a capacidade de fabricação e de distribuição pelo mundo será capaz de acompanhar a demanda por vacinação em massa de forma eficiente? Neste manuscrito, a comissão de estudo da COVID-19 da ASBAI analisa criticamente o conhecimento atual sobre a reinfecção pelo SARS-CoV-2.

There is current evidence that reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 is a reality, but there is also a lack of investigation that would allow its perfect characterization, and few cases have been confirmed. Real reinfections occurred mostly with variants of the virus, with several mutations, usually in the viral spike protein, in highly exposed health professionals or in patients with immunodeficiencies, both primary and secondary. We emphasize that vaccines can be modified relatively easily, but will the manufacturing and distribution capacity around the world be able to keep up with the demand for mass vaccination efficiently? The ASBAI COVID-19 study commission critically analyzes in this manuscript the current knowledge about SARS-CoV-2 reinfection.

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As vacinas são reconhecidas como uma das conquistas do século passado de maior impacto em Saúde Pública, reduzindo de modo significativo a morbidade e mortalidade associadas a grande número de doenças infecciosas. No entanto, em casos raros, as vacinas podem causar doença ou eventos adversos pós-vacinação (EAPV). Os imunologistas clínicos e alergistas possuem um papel muito importante nesse momento em que mundialmente buscamos imunizar a população contra a COVID- 19. Eles devem fornecer apoio aos indivíduos orientando sobre o diagnóstico e tratamento de EAPV, incluindo anafilaxia, e, ainda, apoiar e encorajar os pacientes a se vacinarem, mesmo após eventos adversos, desde que leves ou moderados.

Vaccines are known as one of the achievements of the last century with greatest impact on public health, significantly reducing morbidity and mortality associated with a large number of infectious diseases. However, in rare cases, vaccines may cause disease or adverse events following immunization. Clinical immunologists and allergists have a very important role in the worldwide vaccination against COVID-19. They should provide support to individuals by advising on the diagnosis and treatment of adverse events following immunization, including anaphylaxis, and also support and encourage patients to be vaccinated, even after adverse events, as long as they are mild or moderate.

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Desde o início da pandemia de COVID-19 iniciou-se a corrida por uma imunização ativa, eficaz e segura. Todas as vacinas desenvolvidas até o momento vêm demostrando boa eficácia na prevenção de casos graves de COVID-19, de hospitalizações e mortes. Muitos pacientes com erros inatos da imunidade (EII) não terão capacidade de desenvolver uma resposta imune semelhante ao indivíduo imunocompetente. Esses pacientes foram incluídos nos grupos prioritários definidos pelo Ministério da Saúde, como pessoas entre 18 a 59 anos com uma ou mais das comorbidades, incluindo as imunodeficiências primárias. Eles podem e devem receber as vacinas em uso contra o SARS-CoV-2, mas nem sempre apresentarão uma resposta imunológica satisfatória e protetora, e, portanto, seus contactantes também devem ser vacinados.

Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, the race for an active, effective, and safe immunization has started. All vaccines developed to date have shown good efficacy in preventing serious cases of COVID-19, hospitalization, and death. Many patients with inborn errors of immunity will not be able to develop an immune response similar to that of immunocompetent individuals. These patients were included in the priority groups defined by the Brazilian Ministry of Health, as people between 18 and 59 years of age with one or more comorbidities, including primary immunodeficiencies. They can and should receive the vaccines in use against SARS-CoV-2, but they will not always have a satisfactory and protective immune response, and, therefore, those in direct contact with them should also be vaccinated.

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RESUMO

Abstract We describe the first report of a patient with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis associated with disseminated and recurrent paracoccidioidomycosis. The investigation demonstrated that the patient had a mannose receptor deficiency, which would explain the patient's susceptibility to chronic infection by Candida spp. and systemic infection by paracoccidioidomycosis. Mannose receptors are responsible for an important link between macrophages and fungal cells during phagocytosis. Deficiency of this receptor could explain the susceptibility to both fungal species, suggesting the impediment of the phagocytosis of these fungi in our patient.

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