RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Fluoride is an inorganic element, which can be found in high concentrations in groundwater. Its consumption and exposure have consequences on human health. The objective of this study was to evaluate fluoride exposure and develop a health risk assessment in children from an urban area with hydrofluorosis in Mexico. METHODS: Water fluoride levels in active wells were provided by the Water State Agency and divided into three zones: agriculture zone (Zone A), metallurgical zone (Zone B), and industrial zone (Zone C). Urinary fluoride levels were determined by potentiometric method using an ion-selective electrode. Health risk assessment was performed through Monte Carlo model analysis and hazard quotient was calculated. RESULTS: According to fluoride well concentration, all zones have high concentration especially Zone B (2.55 ± 0.98 mg/L). Urinary fluoride concentrations were highest in children in Zone B (1.42 ± 0.8 mg/L). The estimated median daily intake dose of fluoride was 0.084 mg/Kg-day for the children living in zone B. The highest mean HQ value was to Zone B (1.400 ± 0.980), followed by Zone C (0.626 ± 0.443). CONCLUSION: The levels of fluoride exposure registered are a potential risk to generate adverse health effects in children in the San Luis Potosi metropolitan area.
Assuntos
Fluoretos , Fluorose Dentária/epidemiologia , Água Subterrânea , Criança , Fluoretos/análise , Humanos , México/epidemiologia , Medição de Risco , ÁguaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To assess counts of α4 and α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in nasal polyps of adults with or without long-term exposure to cigarette tobacco smoke. METHODS: Twenty-two patients with and 22 patients without exposure to cigarette tobacco smoke participated in the study. After endoscopic polypectomy, the fragments of the nasal polyps were analysed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Compared to patients with no exposure, patients with exposure showed higher counts of α4 and α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (t-test, p 0.05). CONCLUSION: Exposure to cigarette tobacco smoke may induce increased counts of α4 and α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in nasal polyps of adults, with lower counts in males than females without exposure to tobacco smoke.
Assuntos
Pólipos Nasais/química , Receptores Nicotínicos/análise , Fatores Sexuais , Poluição por Fumaça de Tabaco/análise , Receptor Nicotínico de Acetilcolina alfa7/análise , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pólipos Nasais/patologia , Pólipos Nasais/cirurgia , Poluição por Fumaça de Tabaco/efeitos adversosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Given its rarity, the management of primary upper extremity deep vein thrombosis is controversial. Although anticoagulation alone is commonly advocated for its treatment, it is unclear if this will reduce the risk of developing post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS). The aim of this "Evidence Driven" Clinical Scenario is to evaluate whether more aggressive treatments (including catheter directed thrombolysis or surgery) might help reduce the risk of PTS or recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with primary upper extremity deep vein thrombosis (DVT). METHODS: An electronic systematic review of Ovid MEDLINE and Embase was conducted. Randomised controlled trials and observational studies were eligible. The primary outcome was PTS. RESULTS: The initial search identified 146 articles, and 36 more were identified during a secondary search. In total, 25 studies, reporting the outcome of 1271 patients, were included. None of the studies included was a randomised controlled trial and the large majority of studies were retrospective cohorts. The use of anticoagulation alone was associated with a significant risk of PTS. In patients treated with surgery with or without thrombolysis the incidence of PTS was significantly reduced. CONCLUSION: Current evidence, albeit with some methodological limitations, suggests that anticoagulation may not be sufficient to prevent PTS in patients with primary upper extremity DVT and that surgery with or without thrombolysis to repair the anatomical defects is needed.
Assuntos
Anticoagulantes/uso terapêutico , Heparina de Baixo Peso Molecular/uso terapêutico , Osteotomia , Costelas/cirurgia , Terapia Trombolítica , Trombose Venosa Profunda de Membros Superiores/terapia , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Vasculares , Anticoagulantes/efeitos adversos , Feminino , Heparina de Baixo Peso Molecular/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Osteotomia/efeitos adversos , Síndrome Pós-Trombótica/etiologia , Fatores de Risco , Terapia Trombolítica/efeitos adversos , Resultado do Tratamento , Trombose Venosa Profunda de Membros Superiores/diagnóstico por imagem , Trombose Venosa Profunda de Membros Superiores/fisiopatologia , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Vasculares/efeitos adversos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The aim of this study was to conduct a POP biomonitoring programme for children in high-risk areas. We evaluated 247 serum samples from children between the ages of 6 and 12years old from two zones in Mexico: (1) indigenous zones, which included Cuatlamayan (CUA), Tocoy (TOC), and Santa Maria Picula (SAM); and (2) industrial zones, which included Tercera Chica (TC), Industrial San Luis (IND) and Rincon de San Jose (SJR); Mundo Nuevo (MN); and Alpuyeca (ALP). Our results showed that α-endosulfan was similar to CUA, TOC, SAM, TC and MN (178.6-306.9ng/g lipid). ß-Endosulfan levels were higher in ALP (901.5ng/g lipid), followed by CUA (139.9ng/g lipid) and TOC, SAM, TC and MN, which had similar levels (55.4-64.5ng/g lipid). For endosulfan sulfate, the ALP community had the highest concentration levels (1096.4ng/g lipid), whereas CUA and TOC (212.3 and 289ng/g lipid, respectively) had concentrations similar to those found in SAM and TC (99.5 and 119.1ng/g lipid, respectively). DDE levels were found in malaria-endemic areas of SAM, CUA and TOC (1782.2, 1358.3 and 57.0ng/g lipid), followed by MN (35.1ng/g lipid). HCB concentration levels were found to be higher in MN and SJR (691.8 and 575.4ng/g lipid, respectively), followed by CUA and TC (363.9 and 269.1ng/g lipid, respectively), with levels similar to those found in TOC and SAM (191.8 and 181.9ng/g lipid, respectively). Finally, PCB 101 concentration levels were found to be the highest in ALP (1032.7ng/g lipid), followed by similar levels of SJR and IND (567.5 and 327.3ng/g lipid, respectively) and TC and MN, with 109.1 and 144.5ng/g lipid, respectively. The evidence provided by this exploratory study indicates that the evaluation of the health risks posed to children living in contaminated areas is a high priority health issue.
Assuntos
Exposição Ambiental/estatística & dados numéricos , Poluentes Ambientais/metabolismo , Compostos Orgânicos/metabolismo , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Diclorodifenil Dicloroetileno/metabolismo , Endossulfano/metabolismo , Exposição Ambiental/análise , Monitoramento Ambiental , Feminino , Locais de Resíduos Perigosos , Humanos , Masculino , México , Bifenilos Policlorados/metabolismoRESUMO
The aim of the present work was to complete an exposure assessment in three Mexican indigenous communities using the community-based health risk assessment, which is the first step in the CHILD framework. We used 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) as an exposure biomarker to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and trans, trans-muconic acid (t,t-MA) as an exposure biomarker to benzene, persistent organic pollutants (POPs), lead, manganese, arsenic, and fluoride. Anthropometric measurements were also taken. In these communities, high percentages of children with chronic malnutrition were found (28 to 49 %) based on their weight and age. All communities showed a high percentage of children with detectable levels of four or more compounds (70 to 82 %). Additionally, our results showed that in indigenous communities, children are exposed to elevated levels of certain environmental pollutants, including manganese with 17.6, 16.8, and 7.3 µg/L from SMP, TOC, and CUA, respectively. Lead and HCB levels were similar in the indigenous communities (2.5, 3.1, and 4.2 µg/dL and 2.5, 3.1, and 3.7 ng/mL, respectively). 1-OHP and t,t-MA levels were higher in TOC (0.8 µmol/mol of creatinine, 476 µg/g of creatinine, respectively) when compared with SMP (0.1 µmol/mol of creatinine, 215.5 µg/g of creatinine, respectively) and CUA (0.1 µmol/mol of creatinine, 185.2 µg/g of creatinine, respectively). DDE levels were 30.7, 26.9, and 9.6 ng/mL in CUA, SMP, and TOC, respectively. The strength of this study is that it assesses exposure to pollutants with indications for the resultant risk before an intervention is made by the CHILD program to manage this risk in the indigenous communities. Considering the large number of people, especially children, exposed to multiple pollutants, it is important to design effective intervention programs that reduce exposure and the resultant risk in the numerous indigenous communities in Mexico.
Assuntos
Exposição Ambiental/estatística & dados numéricos , Poluentes Ambientais/metabolismo , Pirenos/metabolismo , Arsênio/metabolismo , Benzeno/metabolismo , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Creatinina , Exposição Ambiental/análise , Poluentes Ambientais/análise , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , México , Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos/metabolismo , Medição de Risco , Ácido Sórbico/análogos & derivados , Ácido Sórbico/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: To assess the influence of exposure to tobacco cigarette smoke on the eosinophil count and the frequency of apoptosis of eosinophils in the nasal mucosa of teenagers with perennial allergic rhinitis. METHODS: Fifty patients were evaluated (aged 10 to 19 years old): 25 patients with and 25 patients with no recent exposure to tobacco cigarette smoke, by means of The Global Youth Tobacco Survey and cotinine/creatinine ratio. After a clinical evaluation, all the patients replied to a validated questionnaire of the severity of nasal symptoms; then, a nasal sample was processed to identify the eosinophil count and the frequency of apoptosis of eosinophils. RESULTS: Patients with active exposure to tobacco cigarette smoke had higher eosinophil counts than patients with no exposure to the smoke. In the two groups, apoptosis of eosinophils in the nasal mucosa was scarce and no significant correlation was observed between the frequency/severity of the nasal symptoms and the eosinophil count. CONCLUSION: Teenagers with perennial allergic rhinitis and active exposure to tobacco cigarette smoke may show increased eosinophil counts in the nasal mucosa, which might not be related to apoptosis of eosinophils or to the frequency/severity of nasal symptoms.
Assuntos
Eosinófilos/imunologia , Mucosa Nasal/citologia , Rinite Alérgica Perene/imunologia , Poluição por Fumaça de Tabaco/efeitos adversos , Adolescente , Análise de Variância , Apoptose , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Rinite Alérgica , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The most active metabolite of vitamin D, 1,25(OH)2D3 is a steroid hormone implicated in a wide range of cell functions such as differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis. Leishmania mexicana causes two kinds of cutaneous leishmaniasis: localized or diffuse. In this work we explored the effect of treatment of 1,25(OH)2D3 on a susceptible leishmaniasis mice model. A significant reduction in the lesion size was found in animals treated with 1,25(OH)2D3. Well preserved tissue and presence of large numbers of eosinophils and fibroblasts was found in the group treated with 1,25(OH)2D3. By contrast, destroyed epidermis was observed with large amount of neutrophils and epithelioid macrophages, on infected groups without 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment. The production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in mice infected and treated with 1,25(OH)2D3 was lower than the animals infected without 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment. Interestingly, there were no differences in the number of parasites in both groups. Finally, the amount of collagen was higher in animals with treatment compare with animals without 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment. In summary, mice treated with 1,25 (OH) 2D3 reflect a healing process without elimination of L. mexicana.
Assuntos
Calcitriol/administração & dosagem , Leishmania mexicana , Leishmaniose Cutânea/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Calcitriol/farmacologia , Calcitriol/uso terapêutico , Colágeno/metabolismo , Citocinas/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Imuno-Histoquímica , Injeções Intraperitoneais , Leishmania mexicana/efeitos dos fármacos , Leishmaniose Cutânea/imunologia , Leishmaniose Cutânea/patologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Pele/parasitologia , Pele/patologiaRESUMO
Animals do not eat whatever food item they encounter, but choose different foods that best match their requirements. Fish exhibit such "nutritional wisdom" and adapt their feeding behaviour and food intake according to their needs and the nutritional properties of diets. In this paper, we tested the ability of Nile tilapia to select between diets with a balanced or unbalanced composition of essential amino acids. To this end, three different diets were prepared: a gelatine based diet (D(1)), a gelatine diet supplemented with three essential amino acids (EAA, l-tryptophane, l-methionine, l-threonine) (D(2)), and a diet containing only cellulose and the three crystalline EAA (D(3)). In addition, the putative role of both orosensorial factors (using pellets vs capsules) and social interactions (single vs groups of ten fish) was investigated. To this end, a total of 68 male tilapia of about 141±48 g (mean±S.D.) were challenged, individually or in groups, to select between D(1)vs D(2) using pellets dispensed by self-feeders (exp. 1). In another experiment (exp. 2), 11 individual fish were challenged to select encapsulated diets with non flavour or smell proprieties (D(1)vs D(2)), and in exp. 3 fish were challenged to self-supplementation in EAA (D(1)vs D(3)). The results showed the ability of tilapia to avoid the EAA-deficient diet, choosing 82.2% D(2) in the case of individual fish, and 80.8% D(2) in the case of fish groups. Dietary selection was not directly driven by the orosensorial characteristics of food, since tilapia sustained a higher preference for D(2) when fed with encapsulated diets. Finally, in exp. 3 tilapia self-supplemented the EAA deficiency by selecting a synchronised combination of D(1) and D(3) that matched their nutritional requirements. These findings highlighted the capacity of fish to make dietary selection based on the EAA content, which should be considered when discussing food intake regulation mechanisms, and diet formulation and supplementation with EAA.
Assuntos
Aminoácidos Essenciais/administração & dosagem , Comportamento de Escolha/fisiologia , Suplementos Nutricionais , Comportamento Alimentar/fisiologia , Preferências Alimentares/fisiologia , Tilápia/fisiologia , Ração Animal , Animais , Proteínas Alimentares , Modelos LinearesRESUMO
UNLABELLED: Indoor air pollution is considered to be a serious public health issue in Mexico; therefore, more studies regarding this topic are necessary. In this context, we assessed exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and volatile organic compounds in: (i) women who use firewood combustion (indoor) for cooking and heating using traditional open fire; (ii) women who use firewood combustion (outdoor) for cooking and heating using traditional open fire; and (iii) women who use LP gas as the principal energy source. We studied 96 healthy women in San Luis Potosi, México. Urine samples were collected, and analyses of the following urinary exposure biomarkers were performed by high-performance liquid chromatography: 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP), trans, trans-muconic acid, and hippuric acid (HA). The highest levels of 1-OHP, trans, trans-muconic acid, and HA were found in communities where women were exposed to indoor biomass combustion smoke (or products; geometric mean ± s.d., 3.98 ± 5.10 µmol/mol creatinine; 4.81 ± 9.60 µg/l 1-OHP; 0.87 ± 1.78 mg/g creatinine for trans, trans-muconic acid; and 1.14 ± 0.91 g/g creatinine for HA). Our findings indicate higher exposure levels to all urinary exposure biomarkers studied in women who use indoor firewood combustion for cooking and heating (using traditional open fire). PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: High mean levels of 1-hydroxypyrene, t,t-muconic acid, and hippuric acid were found in women who use firewood combustion (indoor) for cooking and heating using traditional open fire and taking into account that millions of women and children in Mexico are living in scenarios similar to those studied in this report, the assessment of health effects in women and children exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and volatile organic compounds is urgently needed. Moreover, it is immediately necessary an intervention program to reduce exposure.
Assuntos
Poluição do Ar em Ambientes Fechados/efeitos adversos , Benzeno/efeitos adversos , Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos/efeitos adversos , Tolueno/efeitos adversos , Adolescente , Adulto , Poluentes Atmosféricos/efeitos adversos , Culinária , Fontes Geradoras de Energia , Feminino , Calefação/efeitos adversos , Hipuratos/urina , Humanos , México , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Grupos Populacionais , Saúde Pública , Pirenos/análise , Fumaça/efeitos adversos , Ácido Sórbico/análogos & derivados , Ácido Sórbico/análise , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis/efeitos adversos , Madeira , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To show the results of the study on the Mayo femoral stem during its first ten years of use in Mexico. MATERIAL: Forty-two bone sparing Mayo femoral stems were studied; they were placed in 39 patients from July 2000 to March 2009, ages 24-71 years (mean 51.6 years), with a mean follow-up of 61 months. METHODS: The clinical results of 42 arthroplasties performed by 3 surgeons were assessed using the Merle D'Aubigné scale; a radiologic assessment was made and the findings and complications were described. RESULTS: No stem-related complications were found in this study. There was one case of revision due to recurrent dislocation, secondary to poor placement of the acetabulum. No cases of clinical or radiologic loosening were reported. CONCLUSIONS: Conservative hip arthroplasty with the Mayo stem has proven to be an excellent medium- and long-term option for femoral hip replacement, with expectations that it may exceed the durability of other types of implants without harming the femoral diaphysis. This may facilitate eventual stem revision and give us the opportunity of using a standard primary implant.