RESUMO
There is consensus that oncologic extended resection should be performed for resectable incidental and nonincidental gallbladder cancer. The safety and feasibility of a minimally invasive approach to oncologic extended resection of gallbladder cancer has been demonstrated and is performed in centers of expertise worldwide. In this article, a systematic approach to the indications and techniques for a minimally invasive approach to extended resection for gallbladder cancer is detailed.
Assuntos
Colecistectomia Laparoscópica/métodos , Neoplasias da Vesícula Biliar/cirurgia , HumanosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Prognostic factors following index-cholecystectomy in patients with incidental gallbladder cancer (IGBC) are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to assess the value of the initial cystic duct margin status as a prognosticator factor and to aid in clinical decision making to move forward with curative intent oncologic extended resection (OER). METHODS: This retrospective study included patients with IGBC who underwent subsequent OER with curative intent at 2 centers (USA and Chile) between 1999 and 2016., Patients with and without evidence of residual cancer (RC) at OER were included. Pathologic features were examined, and predictors of overall survival (OS) were analyzed. RESULTS: The study included 179 patients. Thirty-three patients (17%) had a positive cystic duct margin at the index cholecystectomy. Forty-two patients (23%) underwent resection of the common bile duct. OS was significantly worse in the patients with a positive cystic duct margin at index cholecystectomy (OS rates at 5 years, 34% vs 57%; pâ¯=â¯0.032). Following multivariate analysis, only a positive cystic duct margin at index cholecystectomy was predictive of worse OS in patients with no evidence of residual cancer (RC) at OER (hazard ratio, 1.7 95%CI 1.04-2.78; pâ¯=â¯0.034). CONCLUSIONS: A positive cystic duct margin at index-cholecystectomy is a strong independent predictor of worse OS even if no further cancer is found at OER. In patients with positive cystic duct margin and no RC at OER common bile duct resection leads to improved outcomes.
Assuntos
Colecistectomia/métodos , Ducto Cístico/diagnóstico por imagem , Ducto Cístico/cirurgia , Neoplasias da Vesícula Biliar/diagnóstico , Margens de Excisão , Neoplasia Residual/cirurgia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Chile/epidemiologia , Tomada de Decisão Clínica , Feminino , Neoplasias da Vesícula Biliar/mortalidade , Neoplasias da Vesícula Biliar/cirurgia , Humanos , Achados Incidentais , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neoplasia Residual/diagnóstico , Neoplasia Residual/mortalidade , Prognóstico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Taxa de Sobrevida/tendências , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Conflicting data exists whether non-oncologic index cholecystectomy (IC) leading to discovery of incidental gallbladder cancer (IGBC) negatively impacts survival. This study aimed to determine whether a subgroup of patients derives a disadvantage from IC. METHODS: Patients with IGBC and non-IGBC treated at an academic USA and Chilean center during 1999-2016 were compared. Patients with T1, T4 tumor or preoperative jaundice were excluded. T2 disease was classified into T2a (peritoneal-side tumor) and T2b (hepatic-side tumor). Disease-specific survival (DSS) and its predictors were analyzed. RESULTS: Of the 196 patients included, 151 (77%) had IGBC. One hundred thirty-six (90%) patients of whom 118 (87%) had IGBC had T2 disease. Three-year DSS rates were similar between IGBC and non-IGBC for all patients. However, for T2b patients, 3-year survival rate was worse for IGBC (31% vs 85%; p = 0.019). In multivariate analysis of T2 patients, predictors of poor DSS were hepatic-side tumor hazard ratio [HR], 2.9; 95% CI, 1.6-5.4; p = 0.001) and N1 status (HR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.6-3.6; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with T2b gallbladder cancer specifically benefit from a single operation. These patients should be identified preoperatively and referred to hepatobiliary center.
Assuntos
Colecistectomia/métodos , Neoplasias da Vesícula Biliar/cirurgia , Achados Incidentais , Reoperação/estatística & dados numéricos , Centros Médicos Acadêmicos , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Chile , Colecistectomia/mortalidade , Estudos de Coortes , Bases de Dados Factuais , Intervalo Livre de Doença , Feminino , Neoplasias da Vesícula Biliar/mortalidade , Neoplasias da Vesícula Biliar/patologia , Humanos , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise Multivariada , Invasividade Neoplásica/patologia , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Prognóstico , Valores de Referência , Estudos Retrospectivos , Medição de Risco , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Taxa de Sobrevida , Resultado do Tratamento , Estados UnidosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Gallbladder cancer detected incidentally after cholecystectomy (IGBC) currently is the most common diagnosis of gallbladder cancer, and oncologic extended resection (OER) is recommended for tumors classified higher than T1b. However, the precise prognostic significance of residual cancer (RC) found at the time of OER has not been well established. This analysis aimed to determine the prognostic impact of RC found in patients with IGBC undergoing OER. METHODS: Outcomes for IGBC at a center for a low-incidence country (USA) and a high-incidence country (Chile) between January 1999 and June 2015 were analyzed. Residual cancer was defined as histologically proven cancer at OER. Predictors of disease-specific survival (DSS) were analyzed. RESULTS: Of 187 patients, 171 (91.4%) achieved complete resection (R0) at OER. The rates of surgical mortality and severe morbidity were respectively 1.1 and 9.6%. Of the 187 patients, 73 (39%) had RC. Perineural invasion and/or lymphovascular invasion and T3 stage were associated with the presence of RC. In both countries, RC was associated with a significantly shorter median survival (23% vs not reached; p < 0.001) and lower 5-year DSS rate (19% vs. 74%; p < 0.001) despite R0 resection. In the multivariable analysis, RC was an independent poor predictor of DSS (hazard ratio [HR], 4.00; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.13-7.47; p < 0.001), as were lymphovascular and/or perineural invasion (HR, 1.95; 95% CI, 1.19-3.21; p = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of RC in patients undergoing OER for IGBC is associated with poor DSS in both high- and low-incidence countries, even when R0 resection is achieved. Residual cancer defines a high-risk cohort for whom adjuvant therapy may be beneficial.