RESUMO
San Diego, California shares the world's busiest land border crossing with Tijuana, Mexico-a city where 95 % of injection drug users (IDUs) test hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody-positive. Yet, little is known about the prevalence and risk behaviors for HCV among IDUs in San Diego. In 2009-2010, 18-40-year-old IDUs in San Diego County completed a risk assessment interview and serologic testing for HCV and HIV infection. Recruitment involved respondent-driven sampling, venue-based sampling at a syringe exchange program, and convenience sampling. Correlates of HCV infection were identified by multivariable logistic regression. Among 510 current IDUs, 26.9 % (95 % CI 23.0-30.7 %) and 4.2 % (95 % CI 2.4-5.9 %) had been infected with HCV and HIV, respectively. Overall, median age was 28 years; 74 % were male; 60 % white and 29 % Hispanic; and 96 % were born in the U.S. Median years of injecting was 6; 41 % injected daily; 60 % injected heroin most often; 49 % receptively shared syringes and 68 % shared other injection paraphernalia; and only 22 % reported always using new syringes in the past 3 months. Two thirds had ever traveled to Mexico and 19 % injected in Mexico. HCV infection was independently associated with sharing injection paraphernalia (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.69) and SEP use (AOR = 2.17) in the previous 3 months, lifetime history of drug overdose (AOR = 2.66), and increased years of injecting (AOR = 2.82, all P values <0.05). Controlling for recruitment method did not alter results. HCV infection prevalence among IDUs in San Diego was modest compared to other US cities and much lower than Tijuana. Given that known individual-level HCV risk factors were common in San Diego, the city's lower HCV prevalence might be due to differences in social and structural factors between the cities.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Hepatite C/epidemiologia , Abuso de Substâncias por Via Intravenosa/complicações , Adolescente , Adulto , California/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/diagnóstico , Infecções por HIV/etiologia , Hepatite C/diagnóstico , Hepatite C/etiologia , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Uso Comum de Agulhas e Seringas , Prevalência , Medição de Risco , Fatores de Risco , Assunção de Riscos , Comportamento Sexual , Abuso de Substâncias por Via Intravenosa/epidemiologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of prior tuberculin skin testing (TST) among populations at risk for HIV infection in Tijuana, Mexico, and to identify factors associated with TST. METHODS: Sex workers, injection drug users, noninjecting drug users, and homeless persons > 18 years old were recruited by using targeted sampling for risk assessment interviews and serologic testing for HIV and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to identify correlates of self-reported TST history. RESULTS: Of 502 participants, 38.0% reported prior TST, which was associated with previous incarceration in the United States of America [odds ratio (OR) = 13.38; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 7.37-24.33] and injection drug use (OR = 1.99; 95% CI = 1.27- 3.11). Positive results on serologic tests for M. tuberculosis infection (57%) and HIV (4.2%) were not associated with a prior TST. CONCLUSIONS: A history of TST was lower in HIV-positive participants even though TST is indicated for persons with HIV in Mexico. Fewer than half the individuals at high risk for HIV in this study had a history of TST; however, TST was fairly common among those individuals with a prior history of incarceration. Increased tuberculosis screening is needed for populations at risk of contracting HIV in Tijuana, particularly those outside of criminal justice settings.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Teste Tuberculínico/estatística & dados numéricos , Tuberculose/epidemiologia , Populações Vulneráveis/estatística & dados numéricos , Sorodiagnóstico da AIDS , Adolescente , Adulto , Comorbidade , Estudos Transversais , Usuários de Drogas/estatística & dados numéricos , Emigração e Imigração/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/diagnóstico , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Pessoas Mal Alojadas/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Conhecimento , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Áreas de Pobreza , Prisioneiros/estatística & dados numéricos , Risco , Fatores de Risco , Profissionais do Sexo/estatística & dados numéricos , Abuso de Substâncias por Via Intravenosa/epidemiologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/epidemiologia , Tuberculose/diagnóstico , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of prior tuberculin skin testing (TST) among populations at risk for HIV infection in Tijuana, Mexico, and to identify factors associated with TST. METHODS: Sex workers, injection drug users, noninjecting drug users, and homeless persons > 18 years old were recruited by using targeted sampling for risk assessment interviews and serologic testing for HIV and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to identify correlates of self-reported TST history. RESULTS: Of 502 participants, 38.0% reported prior TST, which was associated with previous incarceration in the United States of America [odds ratio (OR) = 13.38; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 7.37-24.33] and injection drug use (OR = 1.99; 95% CI = 1.27- 3.11). Positive results on serologic tests for M. tuberculosis infection (57%) and HIV (4.2%) were not associated with a prior TST. CONCLUSIONS: A history of TST was lower in HIV-positive participants even though TST is indicated for persons with HIV in Mexico. Fewer than half the individuals at high risk for HIV in this study had a history of TST; however, TST was fairly common among those individuals with a prior history of incarceration. Increased tuberculosis screening is needed for populations at risk of contracting HIV in Tijuana, particularly those outside of criminal justice settings.
OBJETIVO: Evaluar la prevalencia de la prueba de la tuberculina previa, e identificar los factores asociados con ella, en poblaciones con riesgo de infección por el VIH en Tijuana, México. MÉTODOS: Se reclutó a profesionales del sexo, consumidores de drogas inyectables y no inyectables y personas sin hogar > 18 años de edad mediante un muestreo dirigido a fin de efectuar entrevistas para evaluar el riesgo y pruebas serológicas para la infección por el VIH y Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Para identificar la correlación de los antecedentes de la prueba de la tuberculina proporcionados por el propio individuo se usó regresión logística de una sola variable y con múltiples variables. RESULTADOS: De 502 participantes, 38,0% informaron una prueba de la tuberculina previa, que se asoció con encarcelamiento anterior en los Estados Unidos de América (razón de posibilidades [OR] = 13,38; intervalo de confianza de 95% [IC] = 7,37-24,33) y consumo de drogas inyectables (OR = 1,99; IC de 95% = 1,27-3,11). Los resultados positivos en las pruebas serológicas para la infección con M. tuberculosis (57%) y VIH (4,2%) no se asociaron con una prueba de la tuberculina previa. CONCLUSIONES: Los antecedentes de una prueba de la tuberculina fueron menores en los participantes seropositivos para el VIH, a pesar de que en México esta prueba está indicada en las personas con VIH. En este estudio menos de la mitad de los individuos con alto riesgo de VIH tenían antecedentes de la prueba de la tuberculina; sin embargo, esta fue bastante frecuente en los individuos con antecedentes de encarcelamiento. En las poblaciones en riesgo de contraer el VIH en Tijuana se requiere un mayor tamizaje de tuberculosis, en particular en aquellas no relacionadas con el ambiente de la justicia penal.