RESUMO

This project studied the use of lentil protein (LP) and quinoa protein (QP) in their native and modified states as carrier material in the encapsulation process by the ionic gelation technique of annatto seed extract. Soy protein (SP) was used as a model of carrier material and encapsulated bioactive compounds, respectively. The plant proteins were modified by enzymatic hydrolysis, N acylation, and N-cationization to improve their encapsulating properties. Additionally, the secondary structure, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), solubility as a function of pH, isoelectric point (pI), molecular weight (MW), the content of free thiol groups (SH), the absorption capacity of water (WHC) and fat (FAC), emulsifier activity (EAI), emulsifier stability (ESI), and gelation temperature (Tg) were assessed on proteins in native and modified states. The results obtained demonstrated that in a native state, LP (80.52% and 63.82%) showed higher encapsulation efficiency than QP (73.63% and 45.77%), both for the hydrophilic dye and for the annatto extract. Structural modifications on proteins improve some functional properties, such as solubility, WHC, FAC, EAI, and ESI. However, enzymatic hydrolysis on the proteins decreased the gels' formation, the annatto extract's encapsulated efficiency, and the hydrophilic dye by the ionic gelation method. On the other hand, the modifications of N-acylation and N-cationization increased but did not generate statistically significant differences (p-value > 0.05) in the encapsulation efficiency of both the annatto extract and the hydrophilic dye compared to those obtained with native proteins. This research contributes to understanding how plant proteins (LP and QP) can be modified to enhance their encapsulating and solubility properties. The better encapsulation of bioactive compounds (like annatto extract) can improve product self-life, potentially benefiting the development of functional ingredients for the food industry.

RESUMO

Pleurotus ostreatus, an edible mushroom widely consumed worldwide, generates a by-product known as spent mushroom substrate (SMS). This material has demonstrated biological activity against agricultural crop pathogens. In this study, we evaluated the nematocidal effectiveness of hydroalcoholic extracts (T5, T2, AT5, and AT2) derived from SMS of P. ostreatus against (J2) of the phytonematode Nacobbus aberrans and assessed their potential toxicity towards the non-target nematode Panagrellus redivivus. Among these extracts, AT5 exhibited the highest efficacy against N. aberrans and was the least toxic against P. redivivus. Liquid-liquid partitioning yielded the AQU fraction, which showed significant nematocidal activity against J2 (75.69% ± 8.99 mortality), comparable to chitosan. The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of several compounds, including palmitic acid, linoleic acid, and 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol. These findings are consistent with studies confirming the antagonistic effectiveness of these compounds against phytonematodes. Additionally, all extracts exhibited toxicity against P. redivivus, with T2 being the most toxic. Our findings demonstrate that while the AT5 extract displays antagonistic effectiveness against both N. aberrans and P. redivivus, it was the least toxic among the extracts tested. Thus, SMS of P. ostreatus holds potential as a source of nematocidal compounds, which could offer significant benefits for agricultural pest control.

RESUMO

Mushrooms of the genus Pleurotus have shown nematophagous activity as it produces many chemical compounds and enzymes affecting parasitic nematodes. This study aimed to extract the inhibitory activity of the five strains of the fungus Pleurotus spp. It was evaluated against eggs and larvae of Haemonchus contortus. The extract of P. ostreatus obtained the highest level of inhibition of eggs at 97.6% (1341 µg/mL) followed by P. pulmonarius (EPP) at 81.2% (774 µg/mL). The extract selected for evaluation against larvae was P. pulmonarius, showing no effect for L3 larvae, but for L4 larvae an immobility effect of 56.93% was observed at 900 µg/mL. The protein profile showed the presence of 23 protein bands in the extract. The crude extract of P. pulmonarius showed degradation of tissues both inside the eggs and larvae L1. Metabolites produced by Pleurotus mushrooms can consider using in agriculture sustainable by utilizing in producing of ovicidal and larvicidal against H. contortus instead of chemical compounds.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Entomopathogenic nematodes have been used in biological control for some time and are an alternative for the control of insect pests, but during their implementation, situations have arisen that can be improved. These vary with each species and include their production and storage. Oscheius myriophila, an entomopathogenic nematode (EPN), was monitored for its performance when produced in vivo, as well as its development using Galleria mellonella larvae, using the MC5-2014 strain isolated from soil samples in the municipality of Tepalcingo, Morelos, México. For a study with native strains of EPNs, a wide range of tests must be conducted because the required conditions can be very specific. In vivo production was quantified at initial infective juvenile (IJ) inocula of 50, 100 and 500, and we obtained the same production for the three inocula. The life cycle of the EPNs lasted 12 days, and two generations were observed in which adults were found at days 5 and 9. Both evaluations were performed at a temperature of 27 °C in G. mellonella larvae. In addition, the temperatures of 8, 12, 20 and 24 °C were evaluated for their storage, and we observed that the EPNs can be kept for at least 6 months, maintaining a survival rate of 58.67% and a good infective capacity at a temperature of 12 °C, remaining above 60%.

RESUMO

La diabetes mellitus (DM) es un importante problema de salud pública con una alta prevalencia y carga económica. En Cuba, se estima que viven 1 134 000 personas entre los 20 y 79 años con diabetes, ubicándose como la octava causa de muerte.1 A pesar de existir en el país programas para la atención integral a pacientes diabéticos, todavía existe un vacío en la educación diabetológica, afectado fundamentalmente por el tránsito del paciente entre la atención endocrinológica especializada y la atención médica brindada por los médicos de familia. El conocimiento sobre el tratamiento con insulinas entre los profesionales de la salud del primer nivel de atención es bajo, con una relación directa entre dicho conocimiento y el control glucémico.2 Se asume que un paciente bien educado en su enfermedad logrará un mejor control de esta con adecuada calidad de vida. Según varios estudios,3,4,5 la adherencia al tratamiento en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 es baja, donde influyen, entre otros factores, el desconocimiento de la enfermedad, las opciones terapéuticas y conductas de autocuidado y la autorresponsabilidad. En este sentido, con la finalidad de conocer la percepción sobre el tratamiento con insulina por parte de pacientes con DM, se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal, en el Hospital Provincial Clínico-Quirúrgico Arnaldo Milián Castro de Villa Clara (Cuba), en entre enero y marzo de 2020, que fue detenido en este período ante la contingencia generada por la COVID-19. Para ellos se encuestaron 21 pacientes con DM tipo 2 que acudieron a consulta externa de Endocrinología, a los cuales se les aplicó la escala de percepción del tratamiento con insulina (Insuline Treatment Appraisal Scale [ITAS]),6,7 conformada por 16 ítems de percepción negativa y 4 ítems de percepción positiva; con un alfa de Cronbach de 0,89. La calificación de la encuesta es de 20 a 100 puntos, donde a mayor puntuación mayor es la opinión negativa (peor percepción). Del total de pacientes, 12 (57,14 por ciento) eran usuarios de insulina y el resto se trataban con antidiabéticos orales. La edad media de los participantes fue 62,38 ± 2,25 años, predominó el sexo femenino (n = 11; 52,38 por ciento) y el nivel educacional medio-universitario (n = 14; 66,66 por ciento). La media de evolución de la enfermedad fue 10,95 ± 2,25 años para la totalidad del grupo y 13,67 ± 3,28 años para los usuarios de insulina; con un promedio de la glicemia en ayunas previo a la recogida de datos de 7,79 ± 0,92 mmol/L. El 95,23 por ciento de los pacientes tenía al menos alguna complicación crónica de la diabetes y 15 (71,42 por ciento) no habían recibido educación diabetológica previa. En 13 pacientes, desde el debut, existió la necesidad de realizar cambio de tratamiento, en general de antidiabéticos orales hacia esquemas de insulina. La puntuación media global de la escala fue 60,05 ± 1,96 puntos, ligeramente superior en los usuarios de antidiabéticos orales (62,22 ± 9,06 vs. 58,42 ± 9,02), sin diferencia significativas entre ambos grupos (p = 0,95 > 0,05), no obstante, la mayor puntuación en los no usuarios de insulina indica una peor percepción sobre esta. Investigaciones previas coinciden con esta observación, donde la percepción es peor en pacientes no insulinizados.6,7,8 La atención al paciente con DM debe ser integral y, tomando en cuenta este precepto, darse prioridad a la educación diabetológica desde el momento del diagnóstico e incorporar elementos nuevos en cada consulta, sin llegar a saturar de información al paciente. Es conocido el temor que puede generar la necesidad de utilizar insulina entre la población con diabetes, es por ello que debe mostrarse al paciente las ventajas de su utilidad incluso cuando no exista la necesidad inmediata de su uso. Otra conducta extendida entre profesionales de la salud, es la ejemplificación del tratamiento con insulina como último recurso para lograr un control metabólico óptimo en caso de fallar otras terapias o las modificaciones en el estilo de vida, actitud que debe ser erradicada en las consultas de atención integral al paciente con diabetes. Actualmente, los autores de la presente carta, desarrollan una investigación para validar la ITAS en población cubana y contribuir al desarrollo de instrumentos útiles en la educación diabetológica a todos los niveles de atención. Futuros estudios pueden elaborar propuestas de programas formativos, on-line o presencial, y cualquier variedad de materiales educativos que contribuyan con el desconocimiento sobre la DM, tanto de pacientes como de profesionales de la salud(AU)

Assuntos

Assuntos

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to validate the Insulin Treatment Appraisal Scale (ITAS) in the Cuban population with type 2 diabetes mellitus. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional, multicentre analytical study was performed in Cuba from February 2020 to April 2021; 199 patients were surveyed in a hospital institution and in primary healthcare. We used the Insulin Treatment Appraisal Scale, consisting of 20 items, with a minimum score of 20 points and a maximum of 100, where the higher the score, the worse the perception of insulin therapy. The validity of the instrument was determined by means of an exploratory factor analysis. The internal consistency and reliability of the scale were calculated by means of Cronbach's alpha coefficient. A K-means cluster analysis was performed to establish a cut-off point for poor perception of insulin therapy. RESULTS: The exploratory factor analysis supported the validity of the instrument, with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.747. There were statistically significant differences between patients under insulin and non-insulin treatment in terms of the answers given in all items of the scale. The total mean score obtained was 51.96 ±â€¯10.78, and it was lower in insulin users compared to those who used other drugs (49.79 ±â€¯10.07 vs 55.09 ±â€¯11.12). A score ≥65 was proposed as a cut-off point for poor perception of insulin therapy. A positive relationship was found between the body mass index values and the total score of the scale. Being female and current treatment not involving insulin were factors associated with low perception of insulin therapy. CONCLUSIONS: The instrument proved to be valid for the population in which it was applied. Insulin users turned out to be the ones with the best perception about its use. A cut-off point of ≥65 points for poor perception of insulin treatment was proposed for evaluation and comparison in future studies in other patient populations.

Assuntos

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prognostic value of mortality of a new system for quantifying the lesion length circumscribed to the genitals and adjacent anatomical areas in patients with Fournier's gangrene. METHODS: An observational, analytical and prospective study in the Urology service of the Arnaldo Milián Castro University Hospital, between January 2007 and December 2019. The sample consisted of 60 patients diagnosed with Fournier's gangrene. To determine the lesion length, a new quantification system was designed by the authors. Its predictive capacity was determined by binary logistic regression analysis and its discriminatory capacity by the area under the ROC curve. RESULTS: In the studied sample, Fournier's gangrene mortality was 26.7%. The logistic regression analysis demonstrated the prognostic value of mortality of the quantification system evaluated, for each point that the extension of the lesion increased, the risk of death increased by approximately five times, thus being superior to the methods previously used to quantify the injury. Results of the calibration of the quantification system by the Hosmer-Lemeshhow test showed that the data were adjusted to the regression equation (p = 0.278). An area under the curve of 0.957 was observed, which reflects a good discriminatory capacity, showing a sensitivity of 93.75% and a specificity of 93.18%. CONCLUSIONS: The system for quantifying the lesion length in patients with Fournier's gangrene proposed in the present study showed an excellent prognostic value for mortality. The integration of this new method into others prognostic scores could substantially increase sensibility and specificity on diagnostic, by means of offering a more precise approach of the lesion dimensions.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The nematocidal activity of an Oxalis tetraphylla hydroalcoholic extract against the nematode Haemonchus contortus (Hc) was assessed in vitro and the major compounds associated with nematocidal activity were identified. One hydroalcoholic extract was obtained from O. tetraphylla stems and leaves (Ot HE-SLE). The in vitro lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC90) against both eggs and exsheathed Hc infective larvae (L3) were assessed. Ot HE-SLE showed a potent ovicidal activity (LC50 = 0.213 mg/mL; LC90 = 0.71 mg/mL) and larvicidal effect (LC50 = 28.01 mg/mL; LC90 = 69.3 mg/mL). Later on, the extract was bipartitioned to obtain an ethyl acetate phase (EtOAc-Ph) and an aqueous phase (Aq-Ph). Both phases were assessed against Hc eggs at 0.25 and 1.0 mg/mL concentrations. The results with EtOAc-Ph showed 93.6% ovicidal activity, while 96.6% was recorded with Aq-Ph at 48 h post-confrontation (PC). In the case of larvicidal activity, both phases were assessed at 28 mg/mL; Aq-Ph showed >80% larvicidal activity 24 and 72 h PC, while EtOAc-Ph did not show important activity. HPLC analysis showed the presence of coumaric acid and flavonols. Flavonol compounds were the major compounds and were associated with the nematocidal activity. Additionally, the Aq-Ph that showed the highest activity was purified, and the fraction F3 showed the highest nematocidal activity.

RESUMO

The genus Serratia is widely distributed in soil, water, plants, animals, invertebrates, and humans. Some species of this genus have antifungal, antibacterial, and nematicidal activity. In this work, the nematicidal activity of the endophytic strain of Serratia sp. in chili, Capsicum annuum L., is reported, where at a bacterial concentration of 4 × 109 cel/mL, the penetration of nematodes into the roots significantly decreased by 91 and 55% at 7 and 21 days after inoculation. This bacterial concentration also significantly decreased the number of galls, eggs, egg masses and reproduction factor produced by Nacobbus aberrans in Chili plants, with respect to the control where this bacterial strain was not applied. In the analysis of the genome of the strain, based on average nucleotide identity (ANI), the isolate could be affiliated to the species Serratia ureilytica. The size of the genome is 5.4 Mb, with a 59.3% content of GC. Genes related to the synthesis of chitinases, siderophores, proteases C, serralisins, hemolysin, and serrawettin W2 that have been reported for biocontrol of nematodes were identified in the genome. It is the first report of Serratia ureilytica with nematicidal activity. Based on these results of nematicidal activity, this strain can be evaluated in the field as an alternative in the biocontrol of Nacobbus aberrans in chili cultivation.