RESUMO
In Rio Grande do Sul, the main rice producer State in Brazil, low temperatures can occur during germination and seedling establishment, and in some cases, during the reproductive stage. When low temperatures occur in the early developmental stages cause delay in germination, resulting in a non-homogeneous growing. In reproductive stage, low temperatures cause spikelet sterility, directly interfering with plant yield. Researchers have shown that some phenolic compounds such as proanthocyanidins and anthocyanin are associated with low temperature tolerance in plants due to their antioxidant capacity. The red and black color in the seeds of some rice genotypes is conferred by the phenolic compounds proanthocyanidins and anthocyanin, respectively. Therefore, tis study aimed to verify whether rice genotypes with red or black seeds are more tolerant to low temperatures during germination. In this study, five rice genotypes were tested, two present seeds without pigmentation and with contrasting response to low temperature tolerance (BRS Bojuru - tolerant and BRS Pampeira - sensitive), two genotypes with red seeds (BRS 902, SCS 119 Rubi) and one black seed genotype (SCS 120 Ônix). As expected, the genotypes with pigmented seeds had a greater total phenolic compounds content. However, under low temperature conditions, the genotypes with pigmented seed showed a similar response to the sensitive genotype. Therefore, the presence of proanthocyanidins and anthocyanin in the seed of the studied genotypes does not provide tolerance to low temperatures during germination.(AU)
No Rio Grande do Sul, principal estado produtor de arroz do Brasil, baixas temperaturas podem ocorrer durante a germinação e estabelecimento de plântulas, e em alguns casos, durante o estádio reprodutivo. Quando baixas temperaturas ocorrem no estádio inicial de desenvolvimento causam atraso da germinação, resultando em um crescimento não homogêneo. No estádio reprodutivo, baixas temperaturas podem ocasionar esterilidade das espiguetas, interferindo diretamente na produtividade da planta. Pesquisas têm mostrado que alguns compostos fenólicos como as proantocianidinas e antocianinas estão associadas com tolerância a baixa temperatura em plantas devido sua capacidade antioxidante. A coloração vermelha e preta nas sementes de alguns genótipos de arroz é conferida pelos compostos fenólicos proantocianidinas e antocianinas, respectivamente. Portanto, o objetivo desse estudo foi verificar se os genótipos de arroz com sementes vermelhas ou pretas são mais tolerantes a baixas temperaturas durante a germinação. Neste trabalho, cinco genótipos foram testados, dois com sementes sem pigmentação e com resposta contrastante para tolerância a baixa temperatura (BRS Bojuru - tolerante e BRS Pampeira - sensível), dois genótipos com sementes vermelhas (BRS 902, SCS 119 Rubi) e um genótipo com sementes pretas (SCS 120 Ônix). Como esperado, os genótipos com sementes pigmentadas têm maior conteúdo de compostos fenólicos totais. Entretanto, sob condições de baixa temperatura, os genótipos com semente pigmentada mostraram resposta similar ao genótipo sensível. Dessa forma, a presença de proantocianidinas e antocianinas nas sementes dos genótipos estudados não confere tolerância a baixas temperaturas durante a germinação.(AU)
Assuntos
Oryza/fisiologia , Flavonoides/efeitos adversos , Germinação/efeitos dos fármacos , Temperatura Baixa/efeitos adversos , Resposta ao Choque Frio/fisiologiaRESUMO
Rice production (Oryza sativa L.) is among the most economically important activities in the world. However, soil and salinity coming from irrigation water reduce rice yield. Therefore, the identification and/or development of salt-tolerant rice genotypes is a strategy to minimize this problem. The development of new genotypes depends on the presence of genetic diversity, and understanding the heritability of a desired trait can help in the selection process. Thus, this study aimed to identify superior genotypes, analyze the genetic diversity and estimate the heritability for salinity tolerance at the seedling stage in rice genotypes used in Brazil. For this, seedlings of 69 genotypes were kept in hydroponic solution with 40mM NaCl (4 dSm-1) for seven days. Shoot length, root length, shoot dry weight, and root dry weight) were evaluated and the results were converted into relative performance. Tolerant and moderately salt-tolerant genotypes were identified at the seedling stage, which can be used in breeding programs and can be cultivated in high salinity areas. Principal component analysis showed the presence of genetic diversity for salinity response. Finally, it was shown that most of the observed variation is of genetic origin, which can make the breeding process less difficult.
O arroz (Oryza sativa L.) é uma espécie com grande importância econômica no mundo. A salinidade do solo ou da água reduz a produtividade da cultura. Por isso, a identificação e/ou desenvolvimento de genótipos de arroz com tolerância à salinidade é uma estratégia para minimizar esse problema. O desenvolvimento de novos genótipos depende da presença de variabilidade genética, e o conhecimento da herdabilidade da característica de interesse pode auxiliar no processo de seleção. Dessa forma, esse estudo teve como objetivo identificar genótipos superiores, analisar a variabilidade genética e estimar a herdabilidade para tolerância a salinidade no estádio de plântula em genótipos de arroz utilizados no Brasil. Para isso, plântulas de 69 genótipos foram mantidas em solução hidropônica acrescida de 40 mM de NaCl (4 dSm-1) durante sete dias. Foram avaliados comprimento de parte aérea, comprimento de raiz, peso seco de parte aérea, e peso seco de raiz e os resultados foram convertidos em desempenho relativo. Foram identificados genótipos tolerantes e moderadamente tolerantes à salinidade no estádio de plântula, os quais podem ser utilizados em programas de melhoramento e cultivados em áreas com ocorrência desse estresse. A análise de componentes principais mostrou a presença de variabilidade genética para resposta à salinidade. Finalmente, foi demonstrado que a maior parte da variação observada nos caracteres é de origem genética, o que pode tornar o processo de melhoramento menos difícil.
Assuntos
Oryza/genética , Plântula/genética , Hereditariedade/fisiologia , Plantas Tolerantes a Sal/genética , Estresse Fisiológico , Variação Genética , Estresse SalinoRESUMO
Rice production (Oryza sativa L.) is among the most economically important activities in the world. However, soil and salinity coming from irrigation water reduce rice yield. Therefore, the identification and/or development of salt-tolerant rice genotypes is a strategy to minimize this problem. The development of new genotypes depends on the presence of genetic diversity, and understanding the heritability of a desired trait can help in the selection process. Thus, this study aimed to identify superior genotypes, analyze the genetic diversity and estimate the heritability for salinity tolerance at the seedling stage in rice genotypes used in Brazil. For this, seedlings of 69 genotypes were kept in hydroponic solution with 40 mM NaCl (4 dSm-1) for seven days. Shoot length, root length, shoot dry weight, and root dry weight) were evaluated and the results were converted into relative performance. Tolerant and moderately salt-tolerant genotypes were identified at the seedling stage, which can be used in breeding programs and can be cultivated in high salinity areas. Principal component analysis showed the presence of genetic diversity for salinity response. Finally, it was shown that most of the observed variation is of genetic origin, which can make the breeding process less difficult.
O arroz (Oryza sativa L.) é uma espécie com grande importância econômica no mundo. A salinidade do solo ou da água reduz a produtividade da cultura. Por isso, a identificação e/ou desenvolvimento de genótipos de arroz com tolerância à salinidade é uma estratégia para minimizar esse problema. O desenvolvimento de novos genótipos depende da presença de variabilidade genética, e o conhecimento da herdabilidade da característica de interesse pode auxiliar no processo de seleção. Dessa forma, esse estudo teve como objetivo identificar genótipos superiores, analisar a variabilidade genética e estimar a herdabilidade para tolerância a salinidade no estádio de plântula em genótipos de arroz utilizados no Brasil. Para isso, plântulas de 69 genótipos foram mantidas em solução hidropônica acrescida de 40mM de NaCl (4 dSm-1) durante sete dias. Foram avaliados comprimento de parte aérea, comprimento de raiz, peso seco de parte aérea, e peso seco de raiz e os resultados foram convertidos em desempenho relativo. Foram identificados genótipos tolerantes e moderadamente tolerantes à salinidade no estádio de plântula, os quais podem ser utilizados em programas de melhoramento e cultivados em áreas com ocorrência desse estresse. A análise de componentes principais mostrou a presença de variabilidade genética para resposta à salinidade. Finalmente, foi demonstrado que a maior parte da variação ob
RESUMO
In Rio Grande do Sul, the main rice producer State in Brazil, low temperatures can occur during germination and seedling establishment, and in some cases, during the reproductive stage. When low temperatures occur in the early developmental stages cause delay in germination, resulting in a non-homogeneous growing. In reproductive stage, low temperatures cause spikelet sterility, directly interfering with plant yield. Researchers have shown that some phenolic compounds such as proanthocyanidins and anthocyanin are associated with low temperature tolerance in plants due to their antioxidant capacity. The red and black color in the seeds of some rice genotypes is conferred by the phenolic compounds proanthocyanidins and anthocyanin, respectively. Therefore, tis study aimed to verify whether rice genotypes with red or black seeds are more tolerant to low temperatures during germination. In this study, five rice genotypes were tested, two present seeds without pigmentation and with contrasting response to low temperature tolerance (BRS Bojuru - tolerant and BRS Pampeira - sensitive), two genotypes with red seeds (BRS 902, SCS 119 Rubi) and one black seed genotype (SCS 120 Ônix). As expected, the genotypes with pigmented seeds had a greater total phenolic compounds content. However, under low temperature conditions, the genotypes with pigmented seed showed a similar response to the s
No Rio Grande do Sul, principal estado produtor de arroz do Brasil, baixas temperaturas podem ocorrer durante a germinação e estabelecimento de plântulas, e em alguns casos, durante o estádio reprodutivo. Quando baixas temperaturas ocorrem no estádio inicial de desenvolvimento causam atraso da germinação, resultando em um crescimento não homogêneo. No estádio reprodutivo, baixas temperaturas podem ocasionar esterilidade das espiguetas, interferindo diretamente na produtividade da planta. Pesquisas têm mostrado que alguns compostos fenólicos como as proantocianidinas e antocianinas estão associadas com tolerância a baixa temperatura em plantas devido sua capacidade antioxidante. A coloração vermelha e preta nas sementes de alguns genótipos de arroz é conferida pelos compostos fenólicos proantocianidinas e antocianinas, respectivamente. Portanto, o objetivo desse estudo foi verificar se os genótipos de arroz com sementes vermelhas ou pretas são mais tolerantes a baixas temperaturas durante a germinação. Neste trabalho, cinco genótipos foram testados, dois com sementes sem pigmentação e com resposta contrastante para tolerância a baixa temperatura (BRS Bojuru - tolerante e BRS Pampeira - sensível), dois genótipos com sementes vermelhas (BRS 902, SCS 119 Rubi) e um genótipo com sementes pretas (SCS 120 Ônix). Como esperado, os genótipos com sementes pigmentadas têm maior conteúdo d
RESUMO
Background: Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) is a worldwide devastating disease of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Genetic resistance is the most effective way to control FHB and many QTL related to this trait have been mapped on the wheat genetic map. This information, however, must be refined to be more efficiently used in breeding programs and for the advance of the basic research. The objective of the present study was to in-depth analyze the QTLome of FHB resistance in bread wheat, further integrating genetic, genomic, and transcriptomic data, aiming to find candidate genes. Methods: An exhaustive bibliographic review on 76 scientific papers was carried out collecting information about QTL related to FHB resistance mapped on bread wheat. A dense genetic consensus map with 572,862 loci was generated for QTL projection. Meta-analysis could be performed on 323 QTL. Candidate gene mining was carried out within the most refined loci, containing genes that were cross-validated with publicly available transcriptional expression data of wheat under Fusarium infection. Most highlighted genes were investigated for protein evidence. Results: A total of 556 QTL were found in the literature, distributed on all sub-genomes and chromosomes of wheat. Meta-analysis generated 65 meta-QTL, and this refinement allows one to find markers more tightly linked to these regions. Candidate gene mining within the most refined meta-QTL, meta-QTL 1/chr. 3B, harvested 324 genes and transcriptional data cross-validated 10 of these genes, as responsive to FHB. One is of these genes encodes a Glycosiltransferase and the other encodes for a Cytochrome P450, and these such proteins have already been verified as being responsible for FHB resistance, but the remaining eight genes still have to be further studied, as promising loci for breeding. Conclusions: The QTLome of FHB resistance in wheat was successfully assembled and a refinement in terms of number and length of loci was obtained. The integration of the QTLome with genomic and transcriptomic data has allowed for the discovery of promising candidate genes for use in breeding programs.
RESUMO
Narrowing of genetic diversity and the quantitative nature of most agronomic traits is a challenge for rice breeding. Genome-wide association studies have a great potential to identify important variation in loci underlying quantitative and complex traits; however, before performing the analysis, it is important to assess parameters of the genotypic data and population under study, to improve the accuracy of the genotype-phenotype associations. The aim of this study was to access the genetic diversity, linkage disequilibrium, and population structure of a working panel of Brazilian and several introduced rice accessions, which are currently being phenotyped for a vast number of traits to undergo association mapping. Ninety-four accessions were genotyped with 7098 SNPs, and after filtering for higher call rates and removing rare variants, 93 accessions and 4973 high-quality SNPs remained for subsequent analyses and association studies. The overall mean of the polymorphic information content, heterozygosity, and gene diversity of the SNPs was comparable to other rice panels. The r2 measure of linkage disequilibrium decayed to 0.25 in approximately 150 kb, a slow decay, explained by the autogamous nature of rice and the small size of the panel. Regarding population structure, eight groups were formed according to Bayesian clustering. Principle components and neighbor-joining analyses were able to distinguish part of the groups formed, mainly regarding the sub-species indica and japonica. Our results demonstrate that the population and SNPs are of high quality for association mapping.
Assuntos
Genética Populacional , Desequilíbrio de Ligação , Oryza/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Brasil , Mapeamento Cromossômico , Estudos de Associação Genética , Melhoramento VegetalRESUMO
Low temperature or cold stress and deep sowing plays a pivotal role in limiting rice (Oryza sativa L.) productivity in the temperate rice growing regions as well as in tropical high lands worldwide. A better understanding of stress tolerance mechanism in rice plants will help to develop rice germplasm with improved field level tolerance under variable temperature and sowing deep conditions. Using previously developed stress indices, this study presents results from low temperature and deep sowing screening of four rice genotypes. A group of 25 seeds per replicate (total of 3 replicates) was subjected to stress by deep sowing (15 cm) while another group was subjected to cold stress (13 degrees C-10 h/18 degrees C-14 h) and the control group remained under optimum conditions (25 degrees C and sowing depth of 1.5 cm). The Geometric Mean (GM), Stress Tolerance Index (STI) and Stress Susceptibility Index (SSI) were used to evaluate the genotypic performance under control and stress conditions. The results indicate that it was possible to identify superior genotypes for tolerance based on their stress indices. The indices although correlated, were found to be effective for the selection of genotypes with good yield potential under control and stress treatments and can now be used for genotypic screening under field conditions.