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OBJECTIVE: To identify condom use and drug consumption in migrants, as well as the association between these variables. METHOD: A systematic search was carried out for articles published in Spanish and English (2017-2022), in PubMed, EBSCO, WEB of SCIENCE, Elsevier, Scielo, Redalyc, with eligible studies reporting on condom use and drug consumption, and their association. RESULTS: The search strategy found 147 articles with the combination of terms and other sources. After excluding articles by title, abstract, and finding that they had the study variables, eight articles were included for qualitative analysis and only three met the criteria for quantitative analysis. CONCLUSION: Drug consumption favors inconsistent condom use, increasing the risk of acquiring an STI, and can lead to other mental health issues derived from the use of these substances.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To identify condom use and drug consumption in migrants, as well as the association between these variables. Method: A systematic search was carried out for articles published in Spanish and English (2017-2022), in PubMed, EBSCO, WEB of SCIENCE, Elsevier, Scielo, Redalyc, with eligible studies reporting on condom use and drug consumption, and their association. Results: The search strategy found 147 articles with the combination of terms and other sources. After excluding articles by title, abstract, and finding that they had the study variables, eight articles were included for qualitative analysis and only three met the criteria for quantitative analysis. Conclusion: Drug consumption favors inconsistent condom use, increasing the risk of acquiring an STI, and can lead to other mental health issues derived from the use of these substances.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar o uso de preservativo e o consumo de drogas em migrantes, bem como a associação entre essas variáveis. Método: Foi realizada uma busca sistemática de artigos publicados em espanhol e inglês (2017-2022), em PubMed, EBSCO, WEB of SCIENCE, Elsevier, Scielo, Redalyc, com estudos elegíveis relatando o uso de preservativos e consumo de drogas, e sua associação. Resultados: Com a estratégia de busca foram identificados 147 artigos com a combinação de termos e outras fontes. Após eliminar os artigos por título, resumo e identificar que continham as variáveis do estudo, oito artigos foram incluídos para análise qualitativa e apenas três atenderam aos critérios para análise quantitativa. Conclusão: O consumo de drogas estimula o uso inconsistente do preservativo, o que aumenta o risco de aquisição de uma IST, além de outros problemas de saúde mental decorrentes do consumo dessas substâncias.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar el uso del condón y el consumo de drogas en migrantes, así como la asociación entre estas variables. Método: Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de artículos publicados en español e inglés (2017-2022), en PubMed, EBSCO, WEB of SCIENCE, Elsevier, Scielo, Redalyc, siendo que los estudios elegibles informaron sobre el uso del condón y el consumo de drogas, y su asociación Resultados: Con la estrategia de búsqueda se identificaron 147 artículos con la combinación de términos y de otras fuentes. Después de la eliminación de artículos por título, resumen, identificar que cuenten con las variables de estudio, se incluyeron ocho artículos para el análisis cualitativo y únicamente tres cumplieron con los criterios para el análisis cuantitativo. Conclusión: El consumo de drogas favorece el uso inconstante del condón, y esto incrementa el riesgo de adquirir alguna ITS, además de otras cuestiones de salud mental derivadas del consumo de estas sustancias.

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Hypoxia (<2 mg O2/L) is one of the main environmental stressors that affects aquatic organisms, including the white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). During hypoxia, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation induces oxidative stress and damage to biomolecules. Redox state and ROS overproduction are modulated by the antioxidant system that is composed of several antioxidant enzymes, proteins, and other small compounds. Glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4) has emerged as an important antioxidant enzyme with cytoprotective roles. In vertebrates, antioxidant and pro-oxidant stress responses are regulated by several factors, including the p53 protein. However, little is known about GPx4 responses in crustaceans and the regulation by p53. Herein we analyzed and characterized the L. vannamei GPx4 and evaluated the responses to hypoxia and p53 knock-down. We found a unique GPx4 gene that produces five transcript variants (TVs) and only two protein isoforms with distinct cellular localization. GPx4 expression in hepatopancreas during hypoxia and p53 knock-down changed during short and long-term hypoxia, suggesting that GPx4 may be a sensitive indicator of antioxidant imbalance during stress. Knock-down of p53 induced a reduction in GPx4 expression, indicating that p53 modulates GPx4 responses during stress. This agrees with our findings of putative consensus sequences for p53 in the GPx4 gene promoter by in silico analysis. Also, the antioxidant response was effective in preventing major protein damage during hypoxia since no changes were detected in carbonylated proteins content in hepatopancreas during hypoxia. Conversely, p53 knock-down produced significant changes in carbonylated proteins.

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Hypoxic zones are spreading worldwide in marine environments affecting many organisms. Shrimp and other marine crustaceans can withstand environmental hypoxia using several strategies, including the regulation of energy producing metabolic pathways. Pyruvate carboxylase (PC) catalyzes the first reaction of gluconeogenesis to produce oxaloacetate from pyruvate. In mammals, PC also participates in lipogenesis, insulin secretion and other processes, but this enzyme has been scarcely studied in marine invertebrates. In this work, we characterized the gene encoding PC in the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, modelled the protein structure and evaluated its gene expression in hepatopancreas during hypoxia, as well as glucose and lactate concentrations. The PC gene codes for a mitochondrial protein and has 21 coding exons and 4 non-coding exons that generate three transcript variants with differences only in the 5'-UTR. Total PC expression is more abundant in hepatopancreas compared to gills or muscle, indicating tissue-specific expression. Under hypoxic conditions of 1.53 mg/L dissolved oxygen, PC expression is maintained in hepatopancreas, indicating its key role even in energy-limited conditions. Finally, both glucose and lactate concentrations were maintained under hypoxia for 24-48 h in hepatopancreas.

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Lysozymes play a key role in innate immune response to bacterial pathogens, catalyzing the hydrolysis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. In this study, the genes encoding the c-type (TmLyzc) and g-type (TmLyzg) lysozymes from Totoaba macdonaldi were cloned and characterized. The cDNA sequences of TmLyzg and TmLyzc were 582 and 432 bp, encoding polypeptides of 193 and 143 amino acids, respectively. Amino acid sequences of these lysozymes shared high identity (60-90%) with their counterparts of other teleosts and showed conserved functional-structural signatures of the lysozyme superfamily. Phylogenetic analysis indicated a close relationship with their vertebrate homologues but distinct evolutionary paths for each lysozyme. Expression analysis by qRT-PCR revealed that TmLyzc was expressed in stomach and pyloric caeca, while TmLyzg was highly expressed in stomach and heart. These results suggest that both lysozymes play important roles in defense of totoaba against bacterial infections or as digestive enzyme.

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The aim of this study was to describe clinical and survival characteristics of transplant-eligible multiple myeloma (MM) patients in Latin America (LA), with a special focus on differences between public and private healthcare facilities. We included 1293 patients diagnosed between 2010 and 2018. A great disparity in outcomes and survival between both groups was observed. Late diagnosis and low access to adequate frontline therapy and ASCT in public institutions probably explain these differences. Patients treated with novel drug induction protocols, followed by autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) and maintenance, have similar overall survival compared to that published internationally.

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Background The treatment of choice of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) is an induction with proteasome inhibitors followed autologous stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Since 2013, the treatment of these patients in the public system is based on CTD (cyclophosphamide, thalidomide, and dexamethasone). Aim To evaluate the response rates achieved with CTD, and the results of HSCT in patients with NDMM in the public setting. Material and Methods Data from patients considered as candidates for HSCT from different centers of the National Adult Antineoplastic Drug Program (PANDA, for its acronym in Spanish), diagnosed between 2013 and 2017, was analyzed. The response to treatment of first and second lines of treatment was evaluated, in addition to the results of HSCT. An optimal Response was defined as the sum of strict complete remission, complete remission and very good partial response (sCR, CR and VGPR). Results One hundred and seventy-seven patients were analyzed, 54% women, and 53% with IgG multiple myeloma. Information about the international staging system was retrieved in 127 patients (71%). Seventeen percent were ISS I, 22% in ISS II and 32% ISS III. CTD was used as first treatment in 106 patients (60%), and cyclophosphamide, bortezomib and dexamethasone (CyBorD) in 13 (7%). As first line, CTD had an overall response of 50.9%, and CyBorD of 76.9%. Thirty patients were treated with bortezomib as second line treatment. Forty patients (22%) underwent HSCT. The 5-year Overall Survival (OS) in transplanted patients and non-transplanted patients was 100 and 62% respectively (p < 0.01). Conclusions The response rate achieved by CTD in these patients is suboptimal. The response to CyBorD was better.

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ABSTRACT Background: Immunoglobulin light chain (AL) amyloidosis is a rare and underdiagnosed entity. Aim: To characterize patients with AL amyloidosis in Chilean public health centers. Material and Methods: We conducted a retrospective, multicenter study. Public centers of the Chilean Monoclonal Gammopathies Cooperative Group were asked to search for patients with AL amyloidosis in their databases. Epidemiological, clinical and laboratory characteristics were evaluated. Results: Forty-two patients aged 22 to 84 years were found. Twenty four percent had localized AL amyloidosis; 64% had a lambda light chain clone; 47% were associated with multiple myeloma and 9% with non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The most commonly involved organ was the kidney (76%). Serum free light chains were measured in 31% and an echocardiogram was performed in 74% of patients. Seventeen percent of patients received only palliative care, 17% were treated with bortezomib, 21% with thalidomide, and 40% with melphalan. No patient was transplanted. The mean overall survival (OS) of the group was 19 months. The 5-year OS was 28%. Conclusions: It is important to obtain these realistic, national data to initiate strategies to improve early diagnosis and proper management of this disease.

La amiloidosis AL es una entidad poco frecuente y subdiagnosticada. Mientras todo el mundo discute sobre las nuevas herramientas diagnósticas y terapéuticas, en Chile y en América Latina en general, estamos lejos de esa realidad. El objetivo del presente estudio fue caracterizar a los pacientes con amiloidosis AL en centros del sistema público de nuestro país. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, multicéntrico, descriptivo. Los centros públicos del grupo cooperativo hematológico chileno buscaron en sus bases de datos pacientes diagnosticados con amiloidosis AL. Se evaluaron las características epidemiológicas, clínicas y de laboratorio. La edad media fue de 65 años. A 24% de los pacientes se les diagnosticó amiloidosis AL localizada; 64% tuvo paraproteína con cadena ligera lambda; 47% se asoció con mieloma múltiple y 9% con linfoma no Hodgkin. El órgano afectado con mayor frecuencia fue el riñón (76%). Las cadenas ligeras libres de suero se realizaron en 31% y ecocardiograma en 74%. El 17% recibió solo cuidados paliativos, 17% recibió tratamiento con bortezomib, 21% con talidomida y 40% con melfalán. Ningún paciente fue trasplantado. La media de sobrevida global (SG) del grupo fue de 19 meses. La SG a 5 años fue de 28%. Es importante reportar estos resultados nacionales para iniciar estrategias que mejoren tanto el diagnóstico temprano como el tratamiento de esta patología. Por lo tanto, mejorar la sospecha diagnóstica es crucial.

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El proceso de cuidar es un entendimiento propio de cada situación, la práctica en Enfermería es contextualizar un sinfín de tareas que el profesional debe llevar a cabo, lo cual se denomina como Práctica Avanzada. El cuidado humano se ha definido desde varias perspectivas filosóficas, para Heidegger el cuidado es la conciencia del desvelo por sí mismo, significando inquietud, preocupación y alarma por otros, implicando el quehacer expresado en la praxis mediante una clara manifestación del cuidado existencial. Las enfermeras de Práctica Avanzada son capaces de realizar cuidados a un elevado nivel de pericia, con un alto grado de complejidad basada en evidencia científica. Es claro que la filosofía del cuidado no es un mundo alejado de las competencias de la Enfermería, ya que descifrar esta, es comprender la esencia de la profesión y de la humanidad, llevarla a la Práctica Avanzada es fundamental para mantener la calidad integral del cuidado.

The process of caring is an understanding of each situation, the practice in nursing is to contextualize a myriad of tasks that the professional must carry out, which is called Advanced Practice. Human care has been defined from various philosophical perspectives, for Heidegger the care is the conscience of sleeplessness by itself, meaning restlessness, concern and alarm for others, implying the task expressed in praxis through a clear manifestation of existential care. The Advanced Practice Nurses are capable of performing care at an expert level, with a high degree of complexity based on scientific evidence. It is clear that the philosophy of care is not a world away from the competencies of nursing, because to decipher this, is to understand the essence of the profession and humanity, take it to Advanced Practice is essential to maintain comprehensive quality of care.

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Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is an important commercial fruit that shows a noticeable loss of firmness during ripening. Polygalacturonase (PG, E.C. 3.2.1.15) is a crucial enzyme for cell wall loosening during fruit ripening since it solubilizes pectin and its activity correlates with fruit softening. Mango PGs were mapped to a genome draft using seventeen PGs found in mango transcriptomes and 48 bonafide PGs were identified. The phylogenetic analysis suggests that they are related to Citrus sinensis, which may indicate a recent evolutive divergence and related functions with orthologs in the tree. Gene expression analysis for nine PGs showed differential expression for them during post-harvest fruit ripening, MiPG21-1, MiPG14, MiPG69-1, MiPG17, MiPG49, MiPG23-3, MiPG22-7, and MiPG16 were highly up-regulated. PG enzymatic activity also increased during maturation and these results correlate with the loss of firmness observed in mango during post-harvest ripening, between the ethylene production burst and the climacteric peak. The analysis of PGs promoter regions identified regulatory sequences associated to ripening such as MADS-box, ethylene regulation like ethylene insensitive 3 (EIN3) factors, APETALA2-like and ethylene response element factors. During mango fruit ripening the action of at least these nine PGs contribute to softening, and their expression is regulated at the transcriptional level. The prediction of the tridimensional structure of some PGs showed a conserved parallel beta-helical fold related to polysaccharide hydrolysis and a modular architecture, where exons correspond to structural elements. Further biotechnological approaches could target specific softening-related PGs to extend mango post-harvest shelf life.