RESUMO
In the course of haematological and biological investigations among Aymara and Quechua populations in Bolivia, an anthropological study of the erythrocytary respiratory function was carried out on the two groups at two altitudes: 3,600 m and 450 m. A difference in the intensity of the biological variations of the two populations is observed at high altitude. In the Quechuas, as in any lowland native, the adaptative phenomena are totally and quickly reversible. In the Aymaras, we detected the existence of more marked haematological and biochemical characters: moderate polycythemia, hyperhaemoglobinemia, microcytosis, metabolical hyperactivity with accumulation of 2-3 di-phosphoglycerate and ATP, and methaemoglobinemia with a drop in the activity of the methaemoglobin reductases. The Aymaras preserve some of those characters (methaemoglobinemia excepted) when they settle in lowlands.
Assuntos
Aclimatação , Altitude , Eritrócitos/metabolismo , Indígenas Sul-Americanos , Adolescente , Adulto , Bolívia , Feminino , Testes Hematológicos , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
Glucose consumption by anaerobic glycolysis and the pentose pathway were studied in two Aymara populations living at different altitudes (3 600 m and 450 m). The measurements were made both with and without methylene blue. We observed a Pasteur effect for both pathways which may explain the increase in 2-3 DPG and ATP levels found in blood samples from people living at high altitudes. The results in the presence of methylene blue showed a reduced activity of the methaemoglobin reductase system in the high altitude group which may be partly responsible for their increased levels of methaemoglobin.
Assuntos
Altitude , Glicemia/metabolismo , Eritrócitos/metabolismo , Glicólise , Adulto , Bolívia , Humanos , Indígenas Sul-Americanos , Masculino , Azul de Metileno/metabolismo , Pentosefosfatos/metabolismoRESUMO
En este trabajo se miden los consumos de glucosa mediante la glicolisis y la via de las pentosas. La prueba se verifica con o sin azul de metileno en unas muestras de sangre sacadas de dos poblaciones Aymaras residentes en dos alturas diferentes, 3600 m y 450 m. Este estudio permite notar un efecto Pasteur en las dos vias, lo que contribuye al aumento de las concentraciones en 2-3 DPG y ATP en altitud. Las medidas hechas en presencia del azul de metileno comprueban la disminucion de actividad de los sistemas methemoglobina reductasa accesorios en altitud, lo que puede contribuir en parte al aumento de la tasa de methemoglobina
Assuntos
Adulto , Humanos , Masculino , Altitude , Eritrócitos , Glicólise , GlucoseRESUMO
Glucose consumption by anaerobic glycolysis and the pentose pathway were studied in two Aymara populations living at different altitudes (3 600 m and 450 m). The measurements were made both with and without methylene blue. We observed a Pasteur effect for both pathways which may explain the increase in 2-3 DPG and ATP levels found in blood samples from people living at high altitudes. The results in the presence of methylene blue showed a reduced activity of the methaemoglobin reductase system in the high altitude group which may be partly responsible for their increased levels of methaemoglobin.
RESUMO
En este trabajo se miden los consumos de glucosa mediante la glicolisis y la via de las pentosas. La prueba se verifica con o sin azul de metileno en unas muestras de sangre sacadas de dos poblaciones Aymaras residentes en dos alturas diferentes, 3600 m y 450 m. Este estudio permite notar un efecto Pasteur en las dos vias, lo que contribuye al aumento de las concentraciones en 2-3 DPG y ATP en altitud. Las medidas hechas en presencia del azul de metileno comprueban la disminucion de actividad de los sistemas methemoglobina reductasa accesorios en altitud, lo que puede contribuir en parte al aumento de la tasa de methemoglobina
Assuntos
Adulto , Humanos , Masculino , Altitude , Eritrócitos , Glucose , GlicóliseRESUMO
The stress of chronic hypobaric hypoxia present at high altitudes induces a series of adaptive changes in the intermediate metabolism in erythrocytes of high-altitude natives. Aymaras of the high Andean Plateau are shown to have within erythrocytes: (a) increased activity of NADH2 (GAPDH) generating stages, (b) decreased activity of NADH2 (LDH) consuming steps, (c) significantly increased methaemoglobin content, and (d) a large increase in the level of reduced glutathione. These alterations occur also in persons of the same ethnic group residing at low altitude. There is, however, only a moderate elevation of classic haematological parameters (erythrocyte count, haemoglobin and haematocrit) in highland natives. The functional implications of these metabolite changes are discussed with respect to regulation of erythrocyte metabolism.
Assuntos
Altitude , Eritrócitos/metabolismo , Metemoglobina/metabolismo , Aclimatação , Adulto , Bolívia , Di-Hidrolipoamida Desidrogenase/sangue , Glucosefosfato Desidrogenase/sangue , Glutationa/sangue , Glutationa Redutase/sangue , Gliceraldeído-3-Fosfato Desidrogenases/sangue , Humanos , Indígenas Sul-Americanos , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/sangue , Masculino , NADPH Desidrogenase/sangueRESUMO
Data are presented on red cell and serum enzyme types in six Amerindian tribes in Central and South America of whom the Siriono, Chipaya and Jicaque are markedly inbred. The data obtained in three systems (AcP, PGM, 6PGD) show aberrant phenotype and gene frequencies in these three tribes by comparison with other Amerindian populations. Uniformity of the results was observed in the following red cell enzymes: AK, G6PD, PGM2, ADA and LDH.
Assuntos
Povo Asiático , Eritrócitos/enzimologia , Indígenas Sul-Americanos , Polimorfismo Genético , Fosfatase Ácida/sangue , Adenosina Desaminase/sangue , Adenilato Quinase/sangue , Colinesterases/sangue , Di-Hidrolipoamida Desidrogenase/sangue , Frequência do Gene , Glucosefosfato Desidrogenase/sangue , Honduras , Humanos , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/sangue , Fosfoglucomutase/sangue , Fosfogluconato Desidrogenase/sangueRESUMO
Blood samples from 109 Siriono (Eastern Bolivia) belonging to the Tupi-Guarani group were investigated for enzyme variants in the following systems: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, adenylate kinase, phospho-glucomutase (locus 1 and 2), acid phosphatases, lactate dehydrogenase, NADH diaphorase, pseudocholinesterase (E1 and E2 locus), and serum alkaline phosphatase. The most relevant observations are: (1) A relative lack of polymorphism, a characteristic feature of the Amerindian populations studied up to now. These data are consistent with the hypothesis of a 'common ancestral background' in Indian populations whatever the degree of sociocultural and linguistic diversity, and the geographical distances. (2) Specific traits due to the frequency of alleles in some systems confer to that tribe a particular position among Amerindians. The effects of genetic drift may be postulated in order to explain the high rate of PGM and 6PGD polymorphism. Furthermore, in that small community, the disappearance of some alleles (pa gene) can plausibly be explained in terms of a balanced influence of mutational and selective pressure.