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La respuesta a las vacunas durante el embarazo puede ser variable, sin embargo, no tenemos evidencia de un descenso en la efectividad de estas. Además, el efecto protector de las vacunas durante el embarazo ha sido documentado desde hace más de un siglo. Las embarazadas son vulnerables a las infecciones por el virus de la gripe, presentando mayores tasas de morbilidad y mortalidad. Es recomendada la vacunación antigripal con vacuna inactivada no ayudada, preferentemente tetravalente, a todas las embarazadas en cualquier trimestre de gestación. La infección por Bordetella Pertussis y especialmente en los menores de 3 meses es de gran riesgo. La vacunación durante el embarazo tiene como objetivos la protección del neonato durante los primeros meses de vida, mediante la transferencia pasiva de anticuerpos y evitar que la mujer adquiera la tosferina y contagie al neonato. El embarazo es un factor de riesgo para una mayor gravedad de la infección por SARS-CoV-2, por lo tanto, las embarazadas constituyen un grupo prioritario para la vacunación. La vacuna se debe ofrecer a las embarazadas igual que al resto de la población, ya que los beneficios de su administración muy probablemente superen los riesgos de padecer la infección. Es especialmente importante ofrecerla a las gestantes con comorbilidades. Toda mujer embarazada debe ser asesorada sobre la importancia y beneficios de la vacunación en ellas y sus hijos. Hoy día están indicadas las vacunas contra influenza, la vacuna TDaP y la vacuna contra COVID-19. (provisto por Infomedic International)

The response to vaccines during pregnancy can be variable, however, we have no evidence of a decrease in their effectiveness. Furthermore, the protective effect of vaccines during pregnancy has been documented for more than a century. Pregnant women are vulnerable to influenza virus infections, presenting higher morbidity and mortality rates. Influenza vaccination with a non-adjuvanted inactivated vaccine, preferably quadrivalent, is recommended for all pregnant women in any trimester of pregnancy. Infection by Bordetella Pertussis, especially in children under 3 months of age, is of great risk. Vaccination during pregnancy aims to protect the newborn during the first months of life, through the passive transfer of antibodies and to prevent the woman from acquiring whooping cough and infecting the newborn. Pregnancy is a risk factor for greater severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection, therefore, pregnant women constitute a priority group for vaccination. The vaccine should be offered to pregnant women just as it is to the rest of the population, since the benefits of its administration most likely outweigh the risks of suffering from the infection. It is especially important to offer it to pregnant women with comorbidities. Every pregnant woman should be advised about the importance and benefits of vaccination for herself and her children. Today influenza vaccines, the TDaP vaccine and the COVID-19 vaccine are indicated. (provided by Infomedic International)

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Objective: It is necessary to establish the evolution that the pandemic has had in Panama by weeks and months and to clearly establish the existence of surges or peaks, according to cases and deaths and the relationship with age groups. Methodology: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all confirmed COVID-19 cases reported by the Ministry of Health of Panama during the first 3 years of the epidemic (March 9, 2020, March 11, 2023). All cases were obtained from information provided by the Ministry of Health. We obtained daily information of the population at the national level reported as new cases, deaths, admission to hospitals, admission to intensive care units and by age groups. The information is classified by epidemiological week and by month from the diagnosis of the first case until March 2023. Results: During the three years of the study, 1,032,316 cases of COVID-19 were registered in the Republic of Panama, and the number of deaths reported was 8,621, for a fatality rate of 0.83 % throughout that period. The number of deaths decreased over the 3 years of the pandemic; however, similar to the cases, there were periods of surges (peaks) per year in June/July and in December/January. The lethality progressively increased according to the age of the affected patients. During the first year, the lethality in those under 20 years of age was 0.05 %, and in those over 80 years old, it was 17.54 %. This pattern was maintained during the second year; however, there was a large decrease in all age groups. Conclusion: the highest lethality rate in Panama occurred in the first year of the pandemic, with a great decrease in the third year; the impact of lethality is proportional to the age of the individual, with a high possibility of death in those over 80 years of age. During each pandemic year, there are two peaks (surges of new cases and deaths) per year, which are important times to take into account to generate strategies aimed at reducing the impact.

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Aim: Preeclampsia is a very complex multisystem disorder characterized by mild to severe hypertension. Methods: PubMed and the Cochrane Library were searched from January 1, 2002 to March 31, 2022, with the search terms "pre-eclampsia" and "hypertensive disorders in pregnancy". We also look for guidelines from international societies and clinical specialty colleges and we focused on publications made after 2015. Results: The primary issue associated with this physiopathology is a reduction in utero-placental perfusion and ischemia. Preeclampsia has a multifactorial genesis, its focus in prevention consists of the identification of high and moderate-risk clinical factors. The clinical manifestations of preeclampsia vary from asymptomatic to fatal complications for both the fetus and the mother. In severe cases, the mother may present renal, neurological, hepatic, or vascular disease. The main prevention strategy is the use of aspirin at low doses, started from the beginning to the end of the second trimester and maintained until the end of pregnancy. Conclusion: Preeclampsia is a multisystem disorder; we do not know how to predict it accurately. Acetylsalicylic acid at low doses to prevent a low percentage, especially in patients with far from term preeclampsia. There is evidence that exercising for at least 140 min per week reduces gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. Currently, the safest approach is the termination of pregnancy. It is necessary to improve the prediction and prevention of preeclampsia, in addition, better research is needed in the long-term postpartum follow-up.

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En esta actualización se definen las complicaciones de pre-eclampsia empezando por los cambios en la definición que incluyen 6 órganos blanco incluyendo el edema pulmonar y el compromiso utero-placentario. En eclampsia se precisa su fisiopatología como perdida de autorregulación del flujo sanguíneo cerebral, edema y posible hemorragia, se presentan los esquemas de sulfato de magnesio y se define su no probada necesidad en el postparto. En edema pulmonar se contemplan las 3 causas como presión incrementada, sobre-hidratación y daño endotelial precisando en el manejo a veces los diuréticos y a veces la intubación. En ruptura hepática, se precisa su etiología que inicia con daño endotelial extravasación de glóbulos rojos, trombosis, hemorragia, formación de hematoma y su ruptura. Se precisa los segmentos del lóbulo derecho como los mayormente comprometidos, la precisión del grado de daño hepático con dos clasificaciones y sus múltiples manejos basados en el empaquetamiento hepático. En síndrome HELLP, se precisa su etiología como la suma del compromiso hepático y hematológico, la necesidad de precisar los grados de severidad y se muestra que su presencia más de origen temprano agrava las demás complicaciones. Se menciona los beneficios de la dexametasona en su manejo. En Injuria renal aguda se muestra en la etiología no sólo la glomeruloendoteliosis si no la podocituria y la trombosis microangiopática, se precisa la presencia de hematuria como signo de alarma, los criterios de los estadios AKI 1, 2 y 3 de la última clasificación y su manejo con terapia de reemplazo y hemodiálisis. Por último, en el compromiso útero placentario, se precisan las últimas definiciones de RCIU que es un dato de severidad de pre-eclampsia y que tomar en cuenta el criterio previene la mortalidad perinatal significativamente que cuando no se considera como criterio. (provisto por Infomedic International)

This update defines complications of preeclampsia starting with changes in definition that include 6 target organs including pulmonary edema and Uteroplacental dysfunction. In eclampsia its pathophysiology is specified as a loss of self-regulation of cerebral blood flow, edema and possible hemorrhage, magnesium sulfate schemes are presented and its unproven need in the postpartum period is defined. In acute pulmonary edema, the 3 causes are contemplated such as increased pressure, overhydration and endothelial damage, sometimes requiring diuretics and sometimes intubation in the management. In hepatic rupture, its etiology is specified that begins with extravasation endothelial damage of red blood cells, thrombosis, hemorrhage, hematoma formation and its rupture. It specifies the segments of the right lobe as the most compromised, the accuracy of the degree of liver damage with two classifications and its multiple management based on liver packing. In HELLP syndrome, its etiology is specified as the sum of the hepatic and hematological involvement, the need to specify the degrees of severity and it is shown that its presence more of early origin aggravates the other complications. The benefits of dexamethasone in its management are mentioned. In acute kidney injury, the etiology shows not only glomeruloendotheliosis but also podocituria and microangiopathic thrombosis, the presence of hematuria as a sign of alarm, the criteria of the AKI stages 1, 2 and 3 of the last classification and its management with replacement therapy and hemodialysis. Finally, in placental uterine involvement, the latest definitions of o fetal growth restriction are specified, which is a data of severity of preeclampsia and that taking into account the criterion prevents perinatal mortality significantly than when it is not considered as a criterion. (provided by Infomedic International)

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OBJECTIVES: To report the maternal and neonatal results of patients infected with COVID-19 in Panama. METHODS: The study is based on the analysis of pregnant women with COVID-19, in five hospitals in the Republic of Panama. The inclusion criteria were: patients with or without symptoms, positive RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 in the period from March 23 to 6 months after, whose births were attended in one of those five hospitals and who signed the consent. Data were obtained at the time of diagnosis of the infection and at the time of termination of pregnancy for the mother and newborn. RESULTS: Two hundred and fifty-three patients met the inclusion criteria. Most were diagnosed in the third trimester (89.3%). 10.3% of the patients presented in a severe form of COVID-19. The most frequent complication was pre-eclampsia and if we add gestational hypertension they represent 21.2%; most of the patients terminated the pregnancy by cesarean section (58%). 26.9% (95% CI 21.3-32.9%) of the births were premature, and perinatal mortality was 5.4% (95% CI 3.0-9.0%). There was a need for mechanical ventilation in 5.9% (95% CI 3.6-9.6%) of the cohort and there were four maternal deaths (1.6% - 95% CI 0.6-4.0%). CONCLUSIONS: This study of pregnant women infected with COVID-19 and diagnosed with RT-PCR shows serious maternal complications such as high admission to the ICU, need for mechanical ventilation and one death in every 64 infected. Frequent obstetric complications such as hypertension, premature rupture of membranes, high rate of prematurity, and perinatal lethality were also seen.

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OBJECTIVE: Analyze newborns diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 performed with RT-PCR at birth or during the first days of birth and to look for an association with the route of birth. METHODS: We conducted a comprehensive literature search for newborns diagnosed with COVID-19 using PubMed, LILACS and Google scholar until May 15, 2020, looking for published articles with pregnancy, vertical transmission, intrauterine transmission, neonates, delivery. RESULTS: There were found 10 articles with a total of 15 newborn infected with SARS-CoV-2 according to positive PCR at birth or in the first days of birth. Eleven newborn birth by cesarean section and 4 vaginally. Of the 11 cases with cesarean section, two presented premature rupture of the membranes. Seven newborns developed pneumonia, of which two had ruptured membranes and one was born by vaginal delivery. CONCLUSION: This review shows that there is perinatal or neonatal infection with SARS-CoV-2 by finding a positive PCR in the first days of birth. In addition, that there is more possibility of neonatal infection if the birth is vaginal or if there is premature rupture of the membranes before cesarean section. Vaginal delivery and premature rupture of membranes should be considered as risk factors for perinatal infection.

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Resumen Introducción. A gran altitud, se ha observado menos casos y menos letalidad de COVID-19 en comparación con cifras reportadas a nivel del mar. Actualmente no hay publicaciones que informen el comportamiento clínico de COVID-19 en mujeres embarazadas adaptadas a la altura e hipoxia crónica en el Perú. Métodos. Estudio retrospectivo mediante revisión de historias clínicas del 6 de marzo de 2020 al 15 de junio de 2020. Se describe los primeros trece casos de gestantes con COVID-19 atendidos en el Hospital COVID-19 Simón Bolívar, ubicado a 2 750 msnm. Los casos procedían de altitudes entre 2 035 msnm y 3 502 msnm. El análisis estadístico se realizó con SPSS, versión 19.0. Resultados. Trece casos de gestantes con COVID-19 confirmado por IGM para SARS-CoV-2, fueron tratadas a 2 750 msnm (9 022,31 pies), en los Andes peruanos. El parto fue por cesárea en ocho casos (61,5%) y por vía vaginal en cinco (38,5%). Hubo dos casos (15,4%) de preeclampsia, uno de ellos diagnosticado como síndrome HELLP, prematuridad y muerte fetal. Tres casos (23,1%) desarrollaron hipotonía uterina posparto y requirieron sutura de Hayman o B-Lynch. Dos casos (15,4%) se complicaron con oligohidramnios y otros dos casos con infección urinaria. Los niveles de hemoglobina variaron entre 11,1 y 16 g/dL. Solo un caso (7,7%) presentó sintomatología, con dolor faríngeo leve. No se observó transmisión vertical detectada por IgM/IgG para SARS-CoV-2. La evolución clínica fue favorable en los trece casos y el alta fue a los 2 a 4 días, para continuar la cuarentena en domicilio. Conclusiones. En el presente estudio preliminar, las gestantes en trabajo de parto con COVID-19 por prueba rápida IgM para SARS-CoV-2 en la altura fueron generalmente asintomáticas; no hubo transmisión vertical. Se presentó alto porcentaje de otras complicaciones obstétricas.

Abstract Introduction: Fewer COVID-19 cases and less lethality have been observed at high altitude compared to cases reported at sea level. There are currently no publications reporting clinical behavior of pregnant women with COVID-19 at high altitude. Methods: This is a retrospective study with review of medical records between March 6, 2020 and June 15, 2020. The first thirteen cases of pregnant women with COVID-19 who were attended at Simón Bolívar COVID-19 Hospital, located at 2 750 meters above sea level, are described. The cases came from altitudes between 2 035 and 3 502 meters above sea level (masl). Statistical analysis used SPSS, version 19.0. Results: Thirteen cases of pregnant women with COVID-19 confirmed by IgM for SARS-CoV-2 were attended at 2 750 masl (9 022.31 feet) in the Peruvian Andes. Delivery by cesarean section occurred in eight cases (61.5%) and five (38.5%) delivered vaginally. There were two cases (15.4%) of preeclampsia, one with diagnosis of HELLP syndrome, prematurity and fetal death. Three cases (23.1%) developed uterine hypotonia that required Hayman or B-Lynch suture. Two cases (15.38%) were complicated with oligohydramnios and two with urinary infection. Hemoglobin levels were between 11.1 and 16 g/dL. Only one case (7.7%) was symptomatic, with mild pharyngeal pain. No vertical transmission was detected by IgM/IgG for SARS-CoV-2. Clinical evolution was favorable in the thirteen cases and they were discharged after 2 to 4 days hospitalization to continue home quarantine. Conclusions: Results in this short study show pregnant women in labor with COVID-19 by rapid IgM test for SARS-CoV-2 at high altitude were mostly asymptomatic; there was no vertical transmission, but high presence of other obstetrical complications.

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RESUMEN Objetivo . Buscar toda la información y evidencia disponible sobre el SARS-CoV-2 -que surgió en estos primeros 4 meses de 2020y el embarazo. Metodología . Revisión sistemática en las bases de datos PubMed y Google Scholar, hasta el 25 de abril de 2020. Se buscó artículos publicados relacionados con mujeres embarazadas infectadas con SARS-CoV-2. No hubo restricción de idioma. La búsqueda se extendió a las referencias de los artículos encontrados. Resultados . La enfermedad COVID-19 en mujeres embarazadas se caracteriza porque más del 90% de las pacientes evoluciona en forma leve, 2% requiere ingresar a las unidades de cuidados intensivos. Una muerte materna ha sido reportada. La prematuridad es alrededor de 25%, con predominio de recién nacidos prematuros tardíos; aproximadamente el 9% se complica con rotura prematura de membranas; la mortalidad perinatal es baja o similar a la de la población general y no se ha demostrado la transmisión vertical. Conclusiones . Los ginecólogos obstetras deben prepararse para atender cada vez más casos con COVID-19 y, por lo tanto, es necesario tener su conocimiento. La enfermedad evoluciona de la misma manera que en las no embarazadas, genera mayor prematuridad, no se ha demostrado la transmisión vertical, pero hay altas posibilidades de transmisión horizontal durante el parto vaginal.

ABSTRACT Objective : To search for all the information and available evidence on infection with SARS-CoV-2, a virus that appeared during the first 4 months of 2020, and pregnancy. Methods : Systematic review in PubMed and Google Scholar databases until April 25, 2020. We searched for published articles related to pregnant women infected with SARS-CoV-2. There was no language restriction. The search was extended to the references of the articles found. Results : In pregnant women with COVID-19, more than 90% of patients evolve mildly, 2% require intensive care. One maternal death has been reported. Prematurity occurs in approximately 25% of the cases, with predominance of late preterm infants; premature rupture of membranes presents in about 9%. Perinatal mortality is lower or similar to that of the general population, and vertical transmission has not been shown. Conclusions : Obstetrician-gynecologists must prepare to attend more cases with COVID-19 and therefore they need to know this disease. COVID-19 progresses similarly in pregnant and non-pregnant women, although it is associated to prematurity. While vertical transmission has not been demonstrated, horizontal transmission during vaginal birth is very likely.

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Objective: To demonstrate the utility of dexamethasone, used according to the criteria of the attending physician, in patients with HELLP syndrome.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in patients with HELLP syndrome and was based on the daily, real-life management of HELLP syndrome. Patients who received dexamethasone had it administered immediately after giving birth at a dosage of 8 mg every 8 hours for 72 hours, for a total of 72 mg. The analysis was conducted between patients who received corticosteroids and those who did not, with complete or partial HELLP.Results: There were 97 women who suffered complications from HELLP syndrome, there were 43 (44.3%) received dexamethasone. The groups were comparable except for the initial platelet count because this was the criterion used to divide the groups. In addition, the group without corticosteroids comprised more patients with partial HELLP. The platelet count shows that on the third day was similar in both groups, following a difference of more than 40,000 at the beginning of the study. The average platelet increase was 27,448 in the group without corticosteroids and 88,408 in the corticosteroid group; p = .001.Conclusions: This study demonstrates that the administration of postpartum dexamethasone at a dosage of 8 mg every 8 hours for 72 hours in HELLP syndrome is associated with a significant increase in platelet count.

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OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this review is to describe the historical and scientific basis of antenatal corticosteroids (ACS) therapy, to improve the management of preterm birth and decreasing rates of respiratory distress syndrome, intraventricular hemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis and perinatal mortality in premature infants. STUDY DESIGN: We searched MEDLINE/PubMed electronic database, the Cochrane Library, using medical subheading search words such as "ACS", "corticosteroids", "betamethasone" or "dexamethasone", matching with "preterm birth". RESULTS: This practice was initiated by Liggins and Howie in 1972 and is supported by the initial comprehensive meta-analysis of Crowley, Chambers and Keirse, in 1990, the NIH Consensus Development Conference in 1994, the second Consensus Conference to evaluate repeated courses of corticosteroids in 2000 and the practice recommendations of obstetric societies worldwide. ACS therapy before anticipated preterm birth is one of the most important antenatal therapies and an important evidence-based practice for reducing mortality, and decreasing rates of complications in premature infants. CONCLUSIONS: Today, there is no controversy that women with preterm birth <34 weeks should be ACS treated. Actually, rescue courses are recommended; while multiple, serial, repeated or weekly courses, are not recommended. In any clinical conditions, as preterm premature rupture of membranes, multiple pregnancies, severe preeclampsia/HELLP syndrome and fetal growth restriction; ACS is recommended.

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