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ABSTRACT Although the Colombian poultry industry has almost doubled its production in the last decade, our ability to diagnose and characterize avian pathogens is deficient, and there is little information of the circulating viral pathogens. One of these pathogens is Marek disease virus (MDV), which is an immunosuppressive agent that can cause high mortality rates and substantial production losses. Currently, there are few documented clinical cases due to the implementation of mass vaccination programs with GaHV-2 strains (serotype I) and HVT (serotype III). However, losses in production rates are likely occurring-due to immunosuppression and subclinical infections. The objective of this review is to describe MDV and the current status of the infection in Colombia.
RESUMEN Aunque la industria avícola colombiana ha crecido casi el doble en producción durante la última década, el diagnóstico de agentes infecciosos y caracterización de estos aún es escasa, y es poca la información acerca de las cepas virales circulantes en el país. Dentro de estos agentes se encuentra el Virus de la Enfermedad de Marek (VEM), el cual es un patógeno inmunosupresor que puede causar mortalidad elevada y graves pérdidas en la producción. Aunque es poco probable que ocurran casos clínicos de la enfermedad causada por el VEM, debido a los programas de vacunación generalizada con GaHV-2 (serotipo I) y HVT (serotipo III), la inmunosupresión que causan las infecciones subclínicas puede estar causando pérdidas considerables en la producción avícola nacional. El objetivo de esta revisión es describir brevemente la enfermedad de Marek y el estado actual del estudio de la infección en Colombia.
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Aves Domésticas , Doença de Marek , Herpesvirus Galináceo 1RESUMO
We demonstrate, theoretically and experimentally, the generation of hexapartite modal entanglement by the optical parametric oscillator (OPO) operating above the oscillation threshold. We show that the OPO generates a rich structure of entanglement among sets of six optical sideband modes interacting through the nonlinear crystal. The class of quantum states thus produced can be controlled by a single parameter, the power of the external laser that pumps the system. Our platform allows for the generation of massive entanglement among many optical modes with well defined but vastly different frequencies, potentially bridging nodes of a multicolor quantum network.
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ABSTRACT Objectives. To determine Neospora caninum seroprevalence in nonvaccinated dairy cattle from the Northern plains of Antioquia. Materials and methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of neosporosis in a major dairy area of Colombia. Blood samples were collected from 1003 dairy cattle in 29 herds located in the municipality of San Pedro de los Milagros, in Antioquia. N. caninum antibody levels were measured by an enzymatic immunoassay (ELISA) and the results classified as positive or negative. Results. Seropositive cattle were observed in all herds, with a prevalence ranging from 7 to 97% and a mean (±S.E) of 37.1% (±4.2). The distribution of seropositive animals by age groups of <1, 1-2, 2-3 and ≥3 years old was 25.5, 30.3, 46.1 and 39.1%, respectively. Conclusions. There is a high seroprevalence of N. caninum in the main dairy cattle area of Antioquia. The large variation among herds suggests the presence of mayor risk factors whose identification would be essential to establish control programs. Considering that any seropositive cow has a greater risk to abort than uninfected mates, future studies should address the epidemiology of abortions that can be attributed to neosporosis and the type of control strategies that could be implemented.
RESUMEN Objetivos . Determinar la seroprevalencia de Neospora caninum en ganado lechero sin vacunar del altiplano Norte de Antioquia. Materiales y métodos . Se realizó un estudio transversal para determinar la prevalencia de neosporosis en bovinos de la principal zona lechera antioqueña. En Mayo-Junio del 2014 se recolectaron muestras de sangre de 1003 bovinos en 29 hatos ubicados en el municipio de San Pedro de los Milagros, en Antioquia. Los niveles de anticuerpos de N. caninum se midieron mediante un kit de inmunoensayo enzimático (ELISA) y los resultados se clasificaron como positivos o negativos. Resultados. Se observaron bovinos seropositivos en todos los hatos, con una prevalencia entre el 7 y 97%, y una media (±SE) del 37.1% (±4.2). La distribución de los animales seropositivos por grupos de <1, 1-2, 2-3 y ≥3 años de edad fue del 25.5, 30.3, 46.1 y 39.1%, respectivamente. Conclusiones. Se detectó una alta tasa de seroprevalencia de N. caninum en la principal zona de ganado lechero de Antioquia. La gran variación entre hatos apunta a que existen factores de riesgo cuya identificación sería esencial a la hora de instaurar programas de control. En vista de que cualquier vaca seropositiva tiene un mayor riesgo de abortar que congéneres no infectados, los próximos estudios deberían abordar la epidemiología de abortos atribuible a neosporosis previo a establecer cualquier plan de control.
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Bovinos , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , NeosporaRESUMO
PURPOSE: When lung cancer (LC) is suspected in chest radiography, an adequate interpretation and management by experts would improve the selection, the access to rapid diagnostic units, the diagnostic effectiveness and prevent the loss of patients with suspected LC. To ensure this, we planned a system for alerting pulmonologists by radiologists to radiological suspicion of LC. METHODS: This system consists of an alert from radiologists to pulmonologists through a specific email. The pulmonologists alerted has to contact the study doctor petitioner who must refer the patient for study to the Lung Cancer Rapid Diagnostic Unit (LCRDU). We have prospectively analyzed all patients studied in a 2-year period including clinical variables, time invested in the different diagnostic steps and the degree of collaboration and satisfaction among the involved professionals. RESULTS: Of 118 alerts received, 84 (71 %) were studied in our LCRDU. The median of days until petitioner contact, patient consulted at LCRDU and to obtain a diagnosis was 1 (IQR 0-1.5), 2 (IQR 1-5) and 13 (IQR 7.5-30), respectively. In 45 cases (53 %), the suspicion of malignancy was confirmed (LC 84.4 % and metastasic 10.1 %). After staging was complete, 33 % of non-small cell lung cancer was potentially resectable (clinical TNM stage I-II). The level of satisfaction was high so that only one of the petitioner's studies chose other diagnostic pathways. CONCLUSION: This strategy for radiological suspicion of LC ensures the communication between general practitioners, radiologists and pulmonologist improving the LC diagnostic effectiveness. This system can be easily implemented in health care systems.
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Correio Eletrônico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/diagnóstico , Pneumologia/métodos , Radiologia/métodos , Encaminhamento e Consulta , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
Spectral homodyne detection, a widely used technique for measuring quantum properties of light beams, cannot retrieve all the information needed to reconstruct the quantum state of spectral field modes. We show that full quantum state reconstruction can be achieved with the alternative measurement technique of resonator detection. We experimentally demonstrate this difference by engineering a quantum state with features that go undetected by homodyne detection but are clearly revealed by resonator detection.
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Objetivo. La medición de la actividad colinesterasa (ChE) es una prueba rápida y económica que se emplea en el diagnóstico de intoxicaciones por insecticidas organofosforados y carbamatos. Como la interpretación por el laboratorio requiere valores de referencia para cada especie, en este estudio se establecieron las actividades de ChE normales en sangre, cerebro y retina de varias especies de animales domésticos mediante el método de Ellman. Materiales y métodos. Se obtuvieron encéfalos y globos oculares en el matadero central de Medellín, mientras que las muestras de sangre procedieron de animales remitidos al laboratorio de diagnóstico clínico de la Universidad de Antioquia. Resultados. Las medias (±D.E.) de actividad ChE sanguínea, expresada en µmoles de acetiltiocolina iodada hidrolizada/min/mL, fueron de 2.4± 0.2, 1.5±0.3, 1.9±0.3 y 2.5±0.2 para caninos, felinos, equinos y bovinos, respectivamente. En el encéfalo, la actividad ChE (µmol/min/g peso fresco), fue de 4.0±0.4, 5.4 ±0.3 y 4.9±0.3, en bovinos, porcinos y caninos, respectivamente. La retina bovina mostró una actividad de 21.7±2.45 µmol/min/g. Conclusiones. Los valores obtenidos coinciden ampliamente con los reportados por laboratorios certificados por la Asociación Americana de Laboratorios de Diagnostico Veterinarios (AAVLD), corroborando la buena reproducibilidad de la técnica y validando su uso como apoyo al diagnóstico de intoxicaciones por insecticidas inhibidores de la colinesterasa.
Objective. The measurement of cholinesterase activity (ChE) is a rapid and inexpensive test used in the diagnosis of intoxications by organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides. As the interpretation by laboratories entails reference values for each species, the present study was aimed to establish normal ChE activities in blood, brain and retina of several species of domestic animals by the use of the Ellman method. Materials and methods. Brains and eyeballs were obtained from Medellin's central slaughterhouse, while blood samples came from animals referred to the clinical diagnostic laboratory from the University of Antioquia. Results. The mean (± SD) of blood ChE activity, expressed as µmoles of iodide hydrolyzed acetylthiocholine/min/mL, were 2.4±0.2, 1.5±0.3, 1.9±0.3 and 2.5±0.2 for canines, felines, equines and bovines, respectively. In the brain, ChE activity (µmol/min/g wet weight) was 4.0±0.4, 5.4±0.3 and 4.9±0.3, in bovines, porcine, and canines, respectively. The bovine retina showed an activity of 21.7±2.45 µmol/min/g. Conclusions. The values obtained coincide with those reported by laboratories accredited by the American Association of Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratories (AAVLD), confirming its ease to reproduce the technique and validating its use to support the diagnosis of intoxications by cholinesterase inhibitors.
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Sangue , Animais Domésticos , Encéfalo , Colinesterases , RetinaRESUMO
Entanglement is an essential quantum resource for the acceleration of information processing as well as for sophisticated quantum communication protocols. Quantum information networks are expected to convey information from one place to another by using entangled light beams. We demonstrated the generation of entanglement among three bright beams of light, all of different wavelengths (532.251, 1062.102, and 1066.915 nanometers). We also observed disentanglement for finite channel losses, the continuous variable counterpart to entanglement sudden death.
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We calculate the quantum correlations existing among the three output fields (pump, signal, and idler) of a triply resonant nondegenerate optical parametric oscillator operating above threshold. By applying the standard criteria [P. van Loock and A. Furusawa, Phys. Rev. A 67, 052315 (2003)], we show that strong tripartite continuous-variable entanglement is present in this well-known and simple system. Furthermore, since the entanglement is generated directly from a nonlinear process, the three entangled fields can have very different frequencies, opening the way for multicolored quantum information networks.
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La hemorragia subaracnoidea (HSA) por rotura de aneurismas cerebrales sigue siendo una enfermedad con una elevada morbimortalidad a pesar de los continuos avances en diagnóstico y tratamiento. De ahí que cobra gran importancia el manejo de aquellos aneurismas no rotos. Sigue siendo controversial el manejo de estas malformaciones, ya que hay quienes sostienen que los porcentajes de sangrado de un aneurisma no roto son muy bajos. Por el contrario hayn quienes aseveran que dichos porcentajes pueden llegar al cuatro por ciento anual y acumulable, lo que redunda en una disminución de la expectativa de vida en los portadores de aneurismas no rotos. Los autores realizan una división de los aneurismas no rotos en tres grupos, con riesgos diferentes de complicación según el tipo en cuestión. Se hace además un análisis de los resultados quirúrgicos en una serie de cincuenta y tres pacientes con aneurismas no rotos, llegándose a la conclusión que los riesgos quirúrgicos son inferiores a los riesgos naturales de la enfermedad. (AU)