RESUMO
La enfermedad de Chagas es una enfermedad parasitaria (Trypanosoma cruzi), endémica en 21 países de América y que las migraciones la han dispersado en distintos continentes. Una de las manifestaciones más precoces de esta enfermedad son las alteraciones disautonómicas o disfunción autonómica. La severidad de este inadecuado funcionamiento del sistema nervioso autónomo resulta mensurable, de modo que la evolución y/o progresión de la enfermedad puede constatarse mediante la alteración de estudios clínicos y detección de anticuerpos antimuscarínicos. Estos anticuerpos están presentes en un 30% de los infectados y aparecen muy precozmente una vez instalada la parasitosis; además otros estudios, como la dispersión del QT (>65 mseg) y la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca (<100 mseg) presentan valores anormales. La utilización de nuevos paradigmas de atención, diagnóstico y tratamientos adecuados son imprescindibles para prevenir el desarrollo de esta cardiopatía.
Chagas disease is a parasitic disease (Trypanosoma cruzi), endemic in 21 countries of America and that migrations have dispersed it in different continents. One of the earliest manifestations of this disease is dysautonomic alterations or autonomic dysfunction. The severity of this inadequate functioning of the autonomic nervous system is measurable, so that the evolution and/or progression of the disease can be verified by altering clinical studies and detecting antimuscarinic antibodies. These antibodies are present in 30% of those infected and appear very early once the parasitosis is installed; In addition, other studies, such as QT dispersion (> 65 ms) and heart rate variability (<100 ms) show abnormal values. The use of new paradigms of care, diagnosis and appropriate treatments are essential to prevent the development of this heart disease.
A doença de Chagas é uma doença parasitária (Trypanosoma cruzi), endêmica em 21 países da América e que as migrações a dispersaram em diferentes continentes. Uma das primeiras manifestações desta doença são as alterações disautonômicas ou disfunção autonômica. A gravidade desse funcionamento inadequado do sistema nervoso autônomo é mensurável, de modo que a evolução e/ou progressão da doença pode ser verificada alterando os estudos clínicos e detectando anticorpos antimuscarínicos. Esses anticorpos estão presentes em 30% dos infectados e aparecem muito cedo, uma vez instalada a parasitose; Além disso, outros estudos, como a dispersão do QT (> 65 mseg) e a variabilidade da freqüência cardíaca (<100 mseg), mostram valores anormais. A utilização de novos paradigmas de atendimento, diagnóstico e tratamentos adequados são essenciais para prevenir o desenvolvimento desta doença cardíaca.
RESUMO
RESUMEN La demanda de atención de salud en personas transgénero está creciendo. Existe escasa información del conocimiento de los médicos sobre el trato en la atención sanitaria de estas personas y sus necesidades. Se realizó una encuesta a médicos (as) en Chile sobre su oportunidad de atención a estas personas, su conocimiento sobre las normativas de trato a esta población y percepción sobre acceso a tratamientos de readecuación sexual. De 123 encuestados, edad promedio 41 años, 56% había atendido a alguna persona transgénero, 4,3% manifestó rechazo u odio en esa atención, 84% nunca tuvo alguna formación respecto al tema en su formación universitaria, 96% se mostró interesado en recibir información respecto al tema, 77% desconoce la existencia de normativas de trato a estas personas, 18% rechaza gasto de salud en apoyo a su proceso de readecuación sexual, 14% no usaría el nombre social en el trato con estos pacientes y 10% hospitalizaría a un paciente transgénero según su sexo biológico y no según su sexo sentido. Los médicos en Chile reciben escasa formación respecto al trato y las necesidades de salud de la población transgénero, pero están interesados en que se les entregue información respecto al tema. La mayoría están a favor de que personas transgéneros tengan la oportunidad de recibir apoyo médico en la atención sanitaria pública, en su proceso de reasignación de sexo hormonal y/o quirúrgica.
ABSTRACT The demand for health care in transgender people is growing. There is poor information on physician knowledge about the treatment of these people and their needs. A survey was conducted to physician in Chile about their opportunity to care for these people, their knowledge about the rules of treatment of this population, and their perception of access to sexual rehabilitation treatments. 123 respondents, average age 41 years, 56% had attended some transgender people, 4.3% expressed rejection or hatred in that attention, 84% never had any training on the subject in their university education, 96% were interested in receiving information on the subject, 77% are unaware of the existence of treatment regulations for these people, 18% reject health spending in support of their sexual rehabilitation process, 14% would not use the social name in dealing with these patients and 10% would hospitalize a transgender patient according to their biological sex and not according to their felt sex. Physician in Chile receive poor training regarding the treatment and health needs of the transgender population, but are interested in being given information on the subject. The majority are in favor of transgender people having the opportunity to receive medical support in public health care, in their process of reassignment of hormonal and / or surgical sex.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Médicos/psicologia , Serviços de Saúde para Pessoas Transgênero/estatística & dados numéricos , Percepção , Chile , Inquéritos e Questionários , Pessoal de Saúde/psicologia , Pessoas Transgênero , Identidade de GêneroRESUMO
Introducción: La histoplasmosis es una infección sistémica causada por un hongo dimorfo, Histoplasma capsulatum. Crece en suelos que contienen grandes cantidades de excretas tanto de aves como de murciélagos, en las proximidades del suelo de los gallineros y alrededor de árboles que albergan aves y murciélagos, en el interior o alrededor de las cuevas. La aerosolización de las microconidias residentes en estos suelos es la causante de las manifestaciones de la enfermedad Objetivo: Dar a conocer un brote de esta enfermedad relacionado con una actividad de remoción de suelos en espacio abierto. Método: Estudio observacional descriptivo de reporte de serie de casos que se inició con la identificación del caso índice. Se realizaron tomas de muestras tanto a los niños del colegio como al personal docente, así como de las fuentes de contagio común. Resultados: Se identificaron 7 niños, edad promedio de 11 años, predominantemente del sexo femenino y sin enfermedad predisponente condicionante. El diagnóstico de la enfermedad se realizó por estudio de material clínico (esputo, médula ósea, tejido pulmonar) con coloraciones especiales. Se aisló Histoplasma capsulatum del suelo donde estos niños residen y donde se desarrolló la actividad de remoción y rastrillo. Se estimó una tasa de ataque del 58 % % con una letalidad del 14 %. Conclusión: Se ha realizado el primer reporte para el país de un brote de histoplasmosis en espacio abierto relacionado con remoción y rastrillo de suelo, reconociendo un área de endemicidad previamente no determinada.
Introduction: Histoplasmosis is a systemic infection caused by a dimorphic fungus, Histoplasma capsulatum. It grows in soils with the consequent contamination of large amounts of birds and bats excreta, near barn soils and around trees that harbor birds and bats, and also inside or around caves. Aerosolization of microconidia residents in these soils is the cause of the transmision of the disease Objective: To report an outbreak of this disease related to an activity of soil removal in an open space. Methods: This is a descriptive observational study of a case series that began with the identification of the index case. Samples were obtained from school children and teachers, as well as from common sources of infection. Results: 7 children, predominantly females with an average age of 11 years, with no predisposing disease were included. Diagnosis was performed by special colorations of sputum, bone marrow and lung tissue. Histoplasma capsulatum was isolated from the soil where these children reside and where the activity of removal and rake was performed. An attack rate of 58% was estimated with a fatality rate of 14%. Conclusion: This was the first report in Venezuela of an outbreak of histoplasmosis in open space associated with soil removal and rake, recognizing an area of endemicity previously undetermined.
RESUMO
This article provides a description of the status of cardiovascular (CV) rehabilitation (CVR) in Latin America (LA) and the potential impact on CV disease in the region. We discuss the insufficient number of CVR programs in the region and describe the components of CVR that are more commonly available, like exercise interventions, medical assessment and patient education. Additionally, we discuss the heterogeneity in other components, like the evaluation of depression, sleep apnea, and smoking cessation programs. Lastly, we provide a brief review on the main characteristics of the health systems of each country regarding access to CVR programs and compare the average cost of CV procedures and treatments with CVR.
Assuntos
Reabilitação Cardíaca , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde/organização & administração , Reabilitação/organização & administração , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etnologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/mortalidade , Humanos , América Latina/epidemiologia , América do Sul/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Massive pulmonary embolism is associated with an increased mortality. It is secondary to migration of a venous thrombus to the right atrium or ventricle (thrombus in transit) towards the pulmonary circulation. The hemodynamic performance depends on the baseline cardiopulmonary status of the patient and the extent of obstruction. Right ventricular dysfunction will appear as a direct consequence of a major obstruction and hemodynamic collapse. The treatment of choice is thrombolysis, either intravenous in a peripheral vein, or local administration associated with percutaneous thrombus fragmentation or surgical embolectomy. We present the clinic case of a woman with massive pulmonary embolism. The transthoracic echocardiogram showed the presence of three auricular thrombus, right ventricular dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension. A right side catheterization and angiography demonstrated the pulmonary artery obstruction and right ventricular dysfunction. The troponin-I was elevated as a result of right ventricular strain. Mechanical thrombectomy was made using a pigtail catheter and thrombolysis into the pulmonary artery using recombinant tisular plasminogen activator. There was an immediate hemodynamic improvement and the post-thrombolysis angiography performed after 24-h demonstrated an improvement of the pulmonary circulation as well as decreased pulmonary artery pressures.
Assuntos
Átrios do Coração , Cardiopatias/complicações , Embolia Pulmonar/etiologia , Trombectomia , Trombose/complicações , Disfunção Ventricular Direita/etiologia , Administração Oral , Idoso , Angiografia , Anticoagulantes/administração & dosagem , Anticoagulantes/uso terapêutico , Cateterismo Cardíaco , Ecocardiografia , Eletrocardiografia , Feminino , Fibrinolíticos/administração & dosagem , Fibrinolíticos/uso terapêutico , Seguimentos , Átrios do Coração/diagnóstico por imagem , Cardiopatias/diagnóstico por imagem , Cardiopatias/cirurgia , Humanos , Embolia Pulmonar/diagnóstico por imagem , Embolia Pulmonar/tratamento farmacológico , Trombose/diagnóstico por imagem , Trombose/cirurgia , Fatores de Tempo , Ativador de Plasminogênio Tecidual/administração & dosagem , Ativador de Plasminogênio Tecidual/uso terapêutico , Resultado do Tratamento , Disfunção Ventricular Direita/diagnóstico por imagem , Varfarina/administração & dosagem , Varfarina/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Massive pulmonary embolism is associated with an increased mortality. It is secondary to migration of a venous thrombus to the right atrium or ventricle (thrombus in transit) towards the pulmonary circulation. The hemodynamic performance depends on the baseline cardiopulmonary status of the patient and the extent of obstruction. Right ventricular dysfunction will appear as a direct consequence of a major obstruction and hemodynamic collapse. The treatment of choice is thrombolysis, either intravenous in a peripheral vein, or local administration associated with percutaneous thrombus fragmentation or surgical embolectomy. We present the clinic case of a woman with massive pulmonary embolism. The transthoracic echocardiogram showed the presence of three auricular thrombus, right ventricular dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension. A right side catheterization and angiography demonstrated the pulmonary artery obstruction and right ventricular dysfunction. The troponin-I was elevated as a result of right ventricular strain. Mechanical thrombectomy was made using a pigtail catheter and thrombolysis into the pulmonary artery using recombinant tisular plasminogen activator. There was an immediate hemodynamic improvement and the post-thrombolysis angiography performed after 24-h demonstrated an improvement of the pulmonary circulation as well as decreased pulmonary artery pressures.
Assuntos
Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Átrios do Coração , Cardiopatias , Embolia Pulmonar , Trombectomia , Trombose , Disfunção Ventricular Direita , Administração Oral , Angiografia , Anticoagulantes , Anticoagulantes , Cateterismo Cardíaco , Ecocardiografia , Eletrocardiografia , Seguimentos , Fibrinolíticos , Fibrinolíticos , Átrios do Coração , Cardiopatias , Cardiopatias , Embolia Pulmonar , Embolia Pulmonar , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do Tratamento , Trombose , Trombose , Ativador de Plasminogênio Tecidual , Ativador de Plasminogênio Tecidual , Disfunção Ventricular Direita , Varfarina , VarfarinaRESUMO
Contiene: 1. Introducción. 2. Generalidades. 3. Desarrollo de las mediciones antes de la convención del metro. 4. Evolución en la definición de los patrones. 5. Bureau international des poids et MESURES- BIPM. 6. El sistema internacional de unidades SI. 7. La relación de las mediciones con al industria. 8. Antecedentes del marco normativo metrológico. 9. Sistema interamericano de metrología - SIM.