RESUMO
A candidate live-attenuated virus vaccine for protection against Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) (designated V3526) was tested in mice to measure the magnitude, duration, and kinetics of virus replication in the blood and the central nervous system and its phenotypic stability after multiple passages in mice and cell culture. All results were compared to parallel experiments with parental virus and the existing VEE virus vaccine, TC-83. Maximum virus titers in the brains of V3526-inoculated mice were between 10- and 100-fold less than those observed in brains of mice inoculated intracranially (i.c.) with either the parental virus or TC-83. Neither V3526 nor TC-83 was lethal in BALB/c mice inoculated i.c.. However, mice inoculated with TC-83 developed acute symptoms lasting at least 14 days. In contrast, i.c. inoculation of TC-83 was uniformly lethal for C3H/HeN mice. V3526 was avirulent in both BALB/c and C3H/HeN mice after i.c. inoculation. The virulence characteristics of V3526 remained unchanged after five serial i.c. passages in mouse brains or after five cell culture passages. Finally, pathologic changes induced after i.c. inoculation of V3526 were consistently less severe and of shorter duration than those observed in TC-83-inoculated mice. Based on these results, V3526 is stable and appears to be significantly less neurovirulent in mice than TC-83.
Assuntos
Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Vírus da Encefalite Equina Venezuelana/efeitos dos fármacos , Encefalomielite Equina Venezuelana/prevenção & controle , Vacinas Virais/farmacologia , Animais , Encéfalo/patologia , Células Cultivadas/efeitos dos fármacos , Hibridização In Situ , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C3H , Vacinas Atenuadas/farmacologiaRESUMO
We researched epidemiologic associations between environmental and demographic factors and prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in a suburban Jamaican community. Using a clustered sampling technique, 22 domestic yards enclosing 60 separate households were randomly selected from a local community. All household members (n=346) were invited to participate following informed consent; the overall compliance rate was 58.9 percent. A commercial enzyme immunoassay (HM-CAP) was used to detect IgG antibodies raised against H. pylori. Environmental and demographic information was obtained by questionnaire. The seroprevalence of H. pylori was 69.9 percent (n=202). Analysis of the independent variables revealed three major components. Component 1 described, collectively, good personal hygiene and sanitation, indoor water supply and absence of straying animals in the peridomestic area; Component 2 included older age, good personal hygiene and large yard size; Component 3 the presence of domestic animals (cats and dogs) and, again large yard size. These three complexes explained 42.2 percent of the variability in the data set. Logistic regression showed that Components 2 and 3 were independently associated with H. pylori seropositivity, indicating that a combination of demographic environmental and zoonotic factors is involved in the spread of H. pylori infections at the tropical community level (AU)
Assuntos
Criança , Humanos , Animais , Helicobacter pylori/patogenicidade , Jamaica , Epidemiologia/estatística & dados numéricos , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/complicações , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/diagnóstico , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/transmissão , Jamaica , Saneamento , Higiene , Animais Domésticos/virologiaRESUMO
We researched epidemiologic associations between environmental and demographic factors and prevalence of Heliobacter pylori infection in a suburban Jamaican community. Using a clustered sampling technique, 22 domestic yards enclosing 60 separate households were randomly selected from a local community. All household members (n=346) were invited to participate following informed consent; the overall compliance rate ws 58.9 percent. A detect IgG antibodies raised against H. pylori. Environmental and demographic information was obtained by questionnaire. The seroprevalence of H. pylori was 69.9 percent (n=202). Analysis of the independent variables revealed three major components: Component 1 described, collectively, good personal hygiene and sanitation, indoor water supply and absence of straying animals in the peridomestic area; Component 2 included older age, good personal hygiene and large yard size; Component 3 the presence of domestic animals (cats and dogs) and again, large yard size. These three complexes explained 42.2 percent of the variability in the data set. Logistic regression showed that Components 2 and 3 were independently associated with H. pylori seropositivity, indicating that a combination of demographic, environmental and zoonotic factors is involved in the spread of H. pylori infections at the tropical community level. (AU)
Assuntos
Adulto , Lactente , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Criança , Pré-Escolar , 21003 , Adolescente , Cães , Recém-Nascido , Helicobacter pylori , Infecções por Helicobacter/epidemiologia , Distribuição por Idade , Gatos , Técnicas Imunoenzimáticas , Jamaica/epidemiologia , Modelos Logísticos , Saneamento , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , População SuburbanaRESUMO
The military dermatologist has a specific and significant role in military operations--in time of war as well as in peace. Many dermatologists are unfamiliar with the impact that our specialty and cutaneous disease has upon the ability of the military to fulfill the missions, duties, and responsibilities assigned by our government. This article highlights a few of the recent or ongoing types of military operations in which our specialty plays a prominent part.
Assuntos
Dermatologia/organização & administração , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde/organização & administração , Medicina Militar/organização & administração , Guerra , Cuba , Haiti , Humanos , Oceano Índico , Missões Médicas , Ilhas do Pacífico , Estados UnidosRESUMO
We researched epidemiologic associations between environmental and demographic factors and prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in a suburban Jamaican community. Using a clustered sampling technique, 22 domestic yards enclosing 60 separate households were randomly selected from a local community. All household members (n = 346) were invited to participate following informed consent; the overall compliance rate was 58.9%. A commercial enzyme immunoassay (HMáCAP) was used to detect IgG antibodies raised against H. pylori. Environmental and demographic information was obtained by questionnaire. The seroprevalence of H. pylori was 69.9% (n = 202). Analysis of the independent variables revealed three major components: Component 1 described, collectively, good personal hygiene and sanitation, indoor water supply and absence of straying animals in the peridomestic area; Component 2 included older age, good personal hygiene and large yard size; Component 3 the presence of domestic animals (cats and dogs) and, again, large yard size. These three complexes explained 42.2% of the variability in the data set. Logistic regression showed that Components 2 and 3 were independently associated with H. pylori seropositivity, indicating that a combination of demographic, environmental and zoonotic factors is involved in the spread of H. pylori infections at the tropical community level.
Assuntos
Infecções por Helicobacter/epidemiologia , Helicobacter pylori , Adolescente , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Animais , Gatos , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Cães , Feminino , Humanos , Técnicas Imunoenzimáticas , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Jamaica/epidemiologia , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Saneamento , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , População SuburbanaRESUMO
To assess the potential for aerosol administration of vaccines for Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEE), we compared the neurovirulence and tissue tropism of the wild-type Trinidad donkey (TrD) strain to those of the attenuated TC83 and V3526 strains of VEE in mice. Six to 8-week-old female C3H/HeN and BALB/c mice were aerosol exposed to one of the three VEE strains. Three mice of each strain were euthanatized at different times and their tissues were processed and stained using hematoxylin and eosin, immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization. All three viral strains infected the brains of mice and induced encephalitis. TrD spread caudally from the olfactory bulbs to all regions of the brain, caused widespread necrotizing panencephalitis by day 5, and resulted in 100% mortality (geometric mean = 7 days) in both mouse strains. By comparison, TC83 relatively spared the caudal regions of the brain but still caused 100% mortality in the C3H/HeN mice (geometric mean = 12 days), yet it did not kill any BALB/c mice. V3526 infectivity of the brain was the most limited, mainly affecting the neocortex and diencephalon. This virus was not lethal in either mouse strain. The TrD strain also infected the olfactory neuroepithelium, local lymphoid tissues, teeth, and vomeronasal organs, whereas the affinity of TC83 and V3526 outside the brain was essentially limited to the olfactory neuroepithelium. Attenuated VEE strains administered to mice by aerosol have restricted tissue tropism as compared with wild-type virus; however, even attenuated strains can infect the brain and induce encephalitis.
Assuntos
Vírus da Encefalite Equina Venezuelana/patogenicidade , Encefalomielite Equina Venezuelana/virologia , Condutos Olfatórios/virologia , Tropismo , Animais , Encéfalo/patologia , Encéfalo/virologia , Encefalomielite Equina Venezuelana/patologia , Feminino , Técnicas Imunoenzimáticas , Hibridização In Situ , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C3H , Condutos Olfatórios/patologia , Especificidade da Espécie , VirulênciaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the routes of entry of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus into the brain, we infected BALB/c mice with a virulent strain (V3000) by aerosol or subcutaneous inoculation. METHODS: Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization methods were used to detect VEE virus in tissues taken at daily intervals postinfection. RESULTS: In both groups, virus in the brain first appeared in olfactory regions. Aerosol exposure caused early massive infection of olfactory epithelium, which developed into bilaterally symmetrical infection of the olfactory nerves, olfactory bulbs, and lateral olfactory tracts by day 2 postinfection. After subcutaneous inoculation, VEE in the brain also appeared first in olfactory regions, but was not detected until day 3 postinfection. By day 4 postinfection, VEE viral infection had spread throughout the brain in both groups. Vascular endothelium and the choroid plexus remained uninfected during the entire study. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that VEE virus, whether given by aerosol or subcutaneously, first enters the brain through the olfactory tract.
Assuntos
Vírus da Encefalite Equina Venezuelana/fisiologia , Aerossóis , Animais , Encéfalo/virologia , Feminino , Imuno-Histoquímica , Hibridização In Situ , Injeções Subcutâneas , Cinética , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB CRESUMO
A 22-year-old man had Salmonella panama osteomyelitis of the left distal tibia. He had endured a period of untreated diarrhea without fever 6 years before. The osteomyelitis was treated successfully with surgical debridement followed by 9 weeks of oral cotrimoxazole 960 mg twice daily. Salmonella osteomyelitis is rare. Most cases occur in patients with sickle cell anemia. Other conditions of local or generalized immunosuppression are also risk factors, but none were established in this patient, nor was he a chronic carrier. In reviewing the literature, no case of Salmonella panama osteomyelitis in an otherwise healthy patient was found. Although the osteomyelitis in this patient was possibly secondary to Salmonella enteritis 6 years before, the authors believe that enteric Salmonella infections should not be treated with antibiotics unless the infection is accompanied by systemic symptoms. Otherwise, the risk of chronic carriership is substantially increased. In case of Salmonella panama osteomyelitis, surgical debridement is recommended as the main component of treatment, followed by a prolonged period of specific antibiotic therapy.
Assuntos
Osteomielite/microbiologia , Infecções por Salmonella/microbiologia , Salmonella/isolamento & purificação , Adulto , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Terapia Combinada , Desbridamento , Humanos , Masculino , Osteomielite/diagnóstico por imagem , Osteomielite/terapia , Radiografia , Infecções por Salmonella/terapia , Tíbia , Combinação Trimetoprima e Sulfametoxazol/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
The epidemiology of Strongyloides stercoralis was studied in families of clinical (reference) cases and their neighbours at endemic foci in Jamaica. Thirteen foci were studied based on the place of residence of a reference case. For each household of a reference case, the 4 most proximal neighbourhood households (spatial controls) were included in the study. Out of 312 persons contacted 244 were followed up using questionnaires, stool examination and serology. Prevalence of infection based on stool examination was 3.5% and on ELISA 24.2%. Prevalence increased with age but was not related to gender. Reference cases were significantly older than the general study population. The prevalence of infection based on both serology and stool examination was significantly higher in reference than in neighbouring households (the reference cases, themselves, were not included in the analysis). Furthermore, prevalence of infection was highest among persons who shared a bedroom with a reference case and decreased significantly with increasing spatial separation. This is indicative of close contact transmission which has not been previously shown for a geohelminth, but which is common among microparasites.
Assuntos
Habitação , Strongyloides stercoralis/isolamento & purificação , Estrongiloidíase/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Animais , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Análise por Conglomerados , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Jamaica/epidemiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Distribuição por Sexo , Estatística como Assunto , Estrongiloidíase/diagnósticoRESUMO
The epidemiology of Strongyloides stercoralis was studied in families of clinical (reference) cases and their neighbours at endemic foci in Jamaica. Thirteen foci were studied based on the place of residence of a reference case. For each household of a reference case, the 4 most proximal neighbourhood households (spatial controls) were included in the study. Out of 312 persons contacted 244 were followed up using questionaires, stool examimation and serology. Prevalence of infection based on based on stool examination was 3.5 percent and on ELISA 24.2 percent. Prevalence increased with age but was not related to gender. Reference cases were significantly older than the general study population. The prevalence of infection based on both serology and stool examination was significantly higher in referecne than in neighbouring households (the reference cases, themselves, were not included in the analysis). Furthermore, prevalence of infection was highest among persons who shared a bedroom with a reference case and decreased significantly with increasing spatial separation. This is indicative of close contact transmission which has not been previously shown for a geohelminth, but which is common among microparasites.(AU)