RESUMO
The Anthropocene rise in global temperatures is facilitating the expansion of tropical species into historically non-native subtropical locales, including coral reef fish. This redistribution of species, known as tropicalization, has serious consequences for economic development, livelihoods, food security, human health, and culture. Measuring the tropicalization of subtropical reef fish assemblages is difficult due to expansive species ranges, temporal distribution shifts with the movement of isotherms, and many dynamic density-dependent factors affecting occurrence and density. Therefore, in locales where tropical and subtropical species co-occur, detecting tropicalization changes relies on regional analyses of the relative densities and occurrence of species. This study provides a baseline for monitoring reef fish tropicalization by utilizing extensive monitoring data from a pivotal location in southeast Florida along a known transition between tropical and subtropical ecotones to define regional reef fish assemblages and use benthic habitat maps to spatially represent their zoogeography. Assemblages varied significantly by ecoregion, habitat depth, habitat type, and topographic relief. Generally, the southern assemblages had higher occurrences and densities of tropical species, whereas the northern assemblages had a higher occurrence and density of subtropical species. A total of 108 species were exclusive to regions south of the Bahamas Fracture Zone (BFZ) (South Palm Beach, Deerfield, Broward-Miami) and 35 were exclusive to the north (North Palm Beach, Martin), supporting the BFZ as a pivotal location that affects the coastal biogeographic extent of tropical marine species in eastern North America. Future tropicalization of reef fish assemblages are expected to be evident in temporal deviance of percent occurrence and/or relative species densities between baseline assemblages, where the poleward expansion of tropical species is expected to show the homogenization of assemblage regions as adjacent regions become more similar or the regional boundaries expand poleward. Ecoregions, habitat depth, habitat type, and relief should be incorporated into the stratification and analyses of reef fish surveys to statistically determine assemblage differences across the seascape, including those from tropicalization.
Assuntos
Recifes de Corais , Fraturas Ósseas , Animais , Humanos , Ecossistema , Peixes , Florida , BahamasRESUMO
Coral reef ecosystems are declining due to multiple interacting stressors. A bioassessment framework focused on stressor-response associations was developed to help organize and communicate complex ecological information to support coral reef conservation. This study applied the Biological Condition Gradient (BCG), initially developed for freshwater ecosystems, to fish assemblages of U.S. Caribbean coral reef ecosystems. The reef fish BCG describes how biological conditions changed incrementally along a gradient of increasing anthropogenic stress. Coupled with physical and chemical water quality data, the BGC forms a scientifically defensible basis to prioritize, protect and restore water bodies containing coral reefs. Through an iterative process, scientists from across the U.S. Caribbean used fishery-independent survey data and expert knowledge to develop quantitative decision rules to describe six levels of coral reef ecosystem condition. The resultant reef fish BCG provides an effective tool for identifying healthy and degraded coral reef ecosystems and has potential for global application.
Assuntos
Antozoários , Recifes de Corais , Animais , Região do Caribe , Ecossistema , Peixes , Índias OcidentaisRESUMO
Bioengineered tissues have become increasingly more sophisticated owing to recent advancements in the fields of biomaterials, microfabrication, microfluidics, genetic engineering, and stem cell and developmental biology. In the coming years, the ability to engineer artificial constructs that accurately mimic the compositional, architectural, and functional properties of human tissues, will profoundly impact the therapeutic and diagnostic aspects of the healthcare industry. In this regard, bioengineered cardiac tissues are of particular importance due to the extremely limited ability of the myocardium to self-regenerate, as well as the remarkably high mortality associated with cardiovascular diseases worldwide. As novel microphysiological systems make the transition from bench to bedside, their implementation in high throughput drug screening, personalized diagnostics, disease modeling, and targeted therapy validation will bring forth a paradigm shift in the clinical management of cardiovascular diseases. Here, we will review the current state of the art in experimental in vitro platforms for next generation diagnostics and therapy validation. We will describe recent advancements in the development of smart biomaterials, biofabrication techniques, and stem cell engineering, aimed at recapitulating cardiovascular function at the tissue- and organ levels. In addition, integrative and multidisciplinary approaches to engineer biomimetic cardiovascular constructs with unprecedented human and clinical relevance will be discussed. We will comment on the implementation of these platforms in high throughput drug screening, in vitro disease modeling and therapy validation. Lastly, future perspectives will be provided on how these biomimetic platforms will aid in the transition towards patient centered diagnostics, and the development of personalized targeted therapeutics.
Assuntos
Bioengenharia/instrumentação , Biomimética/instrumentação , Doenças Cardiovasculares/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças Cardiovasculares/patologia , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos/instrumentação , Animais , Materiais Biocompatíveis/química , Bioengenharia/métodos , Biomimética/métodos , Doenças Cardiovasculares/diagnóstico , Descoberta de Drogas/instrumentação , Descoberta de Drogas/métodos , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos/métodos , Desenho de Equipamento , Humanos , Dispositivos Lab-On-A-ChipRESUMO
Understanding the profile of oncogene and tumor suppressor gene mutations with their interactions and impact on the prognosis of multiple myeloma (MM) can improve the definition of disease subsets and identify pathways important in disease pathobiology. Using integrated genomics of 1273 newly diagnosed patients with MM, we identified 63 driver genes, some of which are novel, including IDH1, IDH2, HUWE1, KLHL6, and PTPN11 Oncogene mutations are significantly more clonal than tumor suppressor mutations, indicating they may exert a bigger selective pressure. Patients with more driver gene abnormalities are associated with worse outcomes, as are identified mechanisms of genomic instability. Oncogenic dependencies were identified between mutations in driver genes, common regions of copy number change, and primary translocation and hyperdiploidy events. These dependencies included associations with t(4;14) and mutations in FGFR3, DIS3, and PRKD2; t(11;14) with mutations in CCND1 and IRF4; t(14;16) with mutations in MAF, BRAF, DIS3, and ATM; and hyperdiploidy with gain 11q, mutations in FAM46C, and MYC rearrangements. These associations indicate that the genomic landscape of myeloma is predetermined by the primary events upon which further dependencies are built, giving rise to a nonrandom accumulation of genetic hits. Understanding these dependencies may elucidate potential evolutionary patterns and lead to better treatment regimens.
Assuntos
Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Mieloma Múltiplo/genética , Mutagênese , Oncogenes , Células Clonais , Análise Mutacional de DNA , DNA de Neoplasias/genética , Conjuntos de Dados como Assunto , Dosagem de Genes , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Instabilidade Genômica , Genômica , Humanos , Perda de Heterozigosidade , Mieloma Múltiplo/patologia , Mutação , Prognóstico , Translocação Genética , Resultado do Tratamento , Sequenciamento do ExomaRESUMO
El Niño Southern Oscillation events (ENSO) and the subsequent opposite weather patterns in the following months and years (La Niña) have major climatic impacts, especially on oceanic habitats, affecting breeding success of both land and sea birds. We assessed corticosterone concentrations from blood samples during standardized protocols of capture, handling and restraint to simulate acute stress from 12 species of Galapagos Island birds during the ENSO year of 1998 and a La Niña year of 1999. Plasma levels of corticosterone were measured in samples collected at capture (to represent non-stressed baseline) and subsequently up to 1â¯h post-capture to give maximum corticosterone following acute stress, and total amount of corticosterone that the individual was exposed to during the test period (integrated corticosterone). Seabird species that feed largely offshore conformed to the brood value hypothesis whereas inshore feeding species showed less significant changes. Land birds mostly revealed no differences in the adrenocortical responses to acute stress from year to year with the exception of two small species (<18â¯g) that had an increase in baseline and stress responses in the ENSO year - contrary to predictions. We suggest that a number of additional variables, including body size and breeding stage may have to be considered as explanations for why patterns in some species deviated from our predictions. Nevertheless, comparative studies like ours are important for improving our understanding of the hormonal and reproductive responses of vertebrates to large scale weather patterns and global climate change in general.
Assuntos
Córtex Suprarrenal/metabolismo , Charadriiformes/fisiologia , El Niño Oscilação Sul , Ilhas , Estresse Fisiológico , Animais , Charadriiformes/sangue , Corticosterona/sangue , Equador , Feminino , Masculino , Modelos Biológicos , Chuva , Restrição Física , Especificidade da Espécie , Temperatura , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Recent evidence shows that Acropora palmata within the Veracruz Reef System, located in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico, may be recovering after the die off from the flooding of the Jamapa River and a dramatic cold water event in the 1970s. Since this decline, few surveys have documented the status of A. palmata. The 28 named reefs in the system are divided into 13 northern and 15 southern groups by the River. Between 2007 and 2013, we surveyed 24 reefs to assess the benthic communities. Seven of the 11 reefs surveyed in the northern group and all in the southern group had A. palmata. Colonies were typically found on the windward side of the reefs in shallow waters along the reef edges or crest. We also recorded colony diameter and condition along belt transects at two reefs in the north (Anegada de Adentro and Verde) and two in the south (Periferico and Sargazo), between 2011 and 2013. In addition, eight permanent transects were surveyed at Rizo (south). A total of 1 804 colonies were assessed; densities ranged from 0.02 to 0.28 colonies/m² (mean (±SD), colony diameter of 58 ± 73cm, and 89 ± 18% live tissue per colony). Total prevalence of predation by damselfish was 5%, by snails 2%, and <1% by fireworms, disease prevalence was <3%. Size frequency distributions indicated that all of the sites had a moderate to high spawning potential, 15-68% of the colonies at each site were mature, measuring over 1 600cm². The presence of these healthy and potentially reproductive colonies is important for species recovery, particularly because much of the greater Caribbean still shows little to no signs of recovery. Conservation and management efforts of these reefs are vital.
Evidencia reciente indica que las poblaciones de Acropora palmata del sistema arrecifal de Vera Cruz, ubicado al suroeste del Golfo de México, podría estarse recuperando después de las inundaciones del río Jamapa e intrusiones de agua fría que afectaron la región en los años setenta. Desde la disminución, pocos estudios han documentado el estado A. palmata. Consiste de 28 arrecifes divididos 13 al norte y 15 al sur del río. Entre el 2007 y 2013 se muestrearon 24 arrecifes para caracterizar las comunidades bentónicas. Siete de los 11 arrecifes del norte y en todos los arrecifes del sur tenían A. palmata. Las colonias se encontraron por lo general en el barlovento de los corales en agua sómeras a lo largo del borde del arrecife. También registramos los diámetros de las colonias y condición a lo largo de transectos tipo conturón en dos arrecifes al norte (Anegada de Adentro y Verde) y dos en el sur (Periférico y Sargazo), entre el 2011 y 2013. Además, ocho transectos se evaluaron en Rizo (al sur). Evaluamos un total de 1 804 colonias; las densidades variaron entre 0.02 a 0.28 colonias/m² (promedio (±DE) del diámetro de colonia 58± 3cm y 89±18% de tejido vivo por colonia). La depredación fue 5% por peces damisela, 2% por caracoles y <1% por gusanos, prevalencia de enfermedades <3%. La distribución de tamaños indicó que las poblaciones tienen un potencial moderado a alto de desove, 15-68 de las colonias eran maduras, y medían más de 1 600cm².La presencia de estas colonias saludables y potencialmente reproductivas son importantes para la recuperación de especies, particularmente porque el Caribe muestra muy pocas o ninguna señale de recuperación. Esfuerzos en conservación y manejo en estos arrecifes es vital.
RESUMO
Amphibian skin secretions represent a unique resource for the discovery of new bioactive peptides. Here we report the isolation, structural and functional characterization of a novel heptapeptide amide, DMSPPWHamide, from the defensive skin secretion of the Mexican giant leaf frog, Pachymedusa dacnicolor. This peptide is of unique primary structure and has been classified as a member of the rather heterogenous tryptophyllin-2 (T-2) family of amphibian skin peptides and named P. dacnicolor Tryptophyllin-2 (PdT-2) in accordance. PdT-2 is the first Type 2-tryptophyllin to possess discrete bioactivity. Both natural and synthetic replicates of the peptide were found to contract the smooth muscle of rat urinary bladder, the latter displaying an EC50 of 4 nM.
Assuntos
Anuros/metabolismo , Oligopeptídeos/metabolismo , Oligopeptídeos/farmacologia , Pele/metabolismo , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Masculino , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Contração Muscular/efeitos dos fármacos , Músculo Liso/efeitos dos fármacos , Oligopeptídeos/química , Oligopeptídeos/isolamento & purificação , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Alinhamento de SequênciaRESUMO
By integrating systematic peptidome and transcriptome studies of the defensive skin secretion of the Central American red-eyed leaf frog, Agalychnis callidryas, we have identified novel members of three previously described antimicrobial peptide families, a 27-mer dermaseptin-related peptide (designated DRP-AC4), a 33-mer adenoregulin-related peptide (designated ARP-AC1) and most unusually, a 27-mer caerin-related peptide (designated CRP-AC1). While dermaseptin and adenoregulin were originally isolated from phyllomedusine leaf frogs, the caerins, until now, had only been described in Australian frogs of the genus, Litoria. Both the dermaseptin and adenoregulin were C-terminally amidated and lacked the C-terminal tripeptide of the biosynthetic precursor sequence. In contrast, the caerin-related peptide, unlike the majority of Litoria analogs, was not C-terminally amidated. The present data emphasize the need for structural characterization of mature peptides to ensure that unexpected precursor cleavages and/or post-translational modifications do not produce mature peptides that differ in structure to those predicted from cloned biosynthetic precursor cDNA. Additionally, systematic study of the secretory peptidome can produce unexpected results such as the CRP described here that may have phylogenetic implications. It is thus of the utmost importance in the functional evaluation of novel peptides that the primary structure of the mature peptide is unequivocally established -- something that is often facilitated by cloning biosynthetic precursor cDNAs but obviously not reliable using such data alone.