RESUMO
The 2016-2017 epidemic of influenza A (H7N9) virus in China prompted concern that a genetic change may underlie increased virulence. Based on an evolutionary analysis of H7N9 viruses from all five outbreak waves, we find that additional subclades of the H7 and N9 genes have emerged. Our analysis indicates that H7N9 viruses inherited NP genes from co-circulating H7N9 instead of H9N2 viruses. Genotypic diversity among H7N9 viruses increased following wave I, peaked during wave III, and rapidly deceased thereafter with minimal diversity in wave V, suggesting that the viruses entered a relatively stable evolutionary stage. The ZJ11 genotype caused the majority of human infections in wave V. We suggest that the largest outbreak of wave V may be due to a constellation of genes rather than a single mutation. Therefore, continuous surveillance is necessary to minimize the threat of H7N9 viruses.
Assuntos
Subtipo H7N9 do Vírus da Influenza A/genética , Influenza Humana/patologia , Substituição de Aminoácidos , Antígenos/genética , Antígenos/imunologia , Antígenos/metabolismo , China/epidemiologia , Surtos de Doenças , Evolução Molecular , Genótipo , Humanos , Subtipo H7N9 do Vírus da Influenza A/isolamento & purificação , Subtipo H7N9 do Vírus da Influenza A/patogenicidade , Influenza Humana/epidemiologia , Influenza Humana/virologia , Proteínas do Nucleocapsídeo , Filogenia , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/classificação , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/genética , RNA Polimerase Dependente de RNA/classificação , RNA Polimerase Dependente de RNA/genética , Proteínas do Core Viral/classificação , Proteínas do Core Viral/genética , Proteínas Virais/classificação , Proteínas Virais/genéticaRESUMO
We collected 2768 Influenza-like illness emergency public health incidents from April 1, 2005 to November 30, 2013reported in the Emergency Public Reporting System. After screening by strict inclusion and exclusion criteria, there were 613 outbreaks analyzed with susceptible-exposed-infectious/asymptomatic-removed model in order to estimate the proportion of asymptomatic individuals (p) and the effective reproduction number (Rt). The relation between Rt and viral subtypes, regions, outbreak sites, populations, and seasons were analyzed. The mean values of p of different subtypes ranged from 0.09 to 0.15, but could be as high as up to 0.94. Different subtypes, provinces, regions, and sites of outbreak had statistically significantly different Rt. In particular, the southern region also manifested different Rt by affected population size and seasonality. Our results provide China and also the rest of the world a reference to understand characteristics of transmission and develop prevention and control strategies.
Assuntos
Influenza Humana/transmissão , China/epidemiologia , Surtos de Doenças , Humanos , Influenza Humana/epidemiologia , Influenza Humana/virologia , Modelos Teóricos , Orthomyxoviridae/classificação , Orthomyxoviridae/isolamento & purificação , Vigilância da População , Estações do AnoRESUMO
H6 avian influenza viruses (AIVs), which are prevalent in domestic and wild birds in Eurasian countries, have been isolated from pigs, a dog and a human. Routine virological surveillance at live poultry markets or poultry farms was conducted in southern China from 2009 to 2011. This study investigated the genetic and antigenic characteristics, analyzed the receptor-binding properties and evaluated the kinetics of infectivity of the AIVs in A549, MDCK and PK15 cells. A total of 14 H6N6 and 2 H6N2 isolates were obtained from four provinces in southern China. Genetic analysis indicated two distinct hemagglutinin lineages of the H6 strains cocirculating in southern China, and these strains facilitated active evolution and reassortment among multiple influenza virus subtypes from different avian species in nature. None of these isolates grouped with the novel Taiwan H6N1 virus responsible for human infection. Receptor-binding specificity assays showed that five H6 AIVs may have acquired the ability to recognize human receptors. Growth kinetics experiments showed that EV/HB-JZ/02/10(H6N2) and EV/JX/15/10(H6N6) initially reproduced faster and achieved higher titers than other viruses, suggesting that enhanced binding to α-2,6-linked sialic acids correlated with increased viral replication in mammalian cells. Overall, the results emphasize the need for continued surveillance of H6 outbreaks and extensive characterization of H6 isolates to better understand genetic changes and their implications.