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Gynostemma yixingense, an important medicinal member of the Cucurbitaceae family, is an endemic herbaceous species distributed in East China. It is morphologically similar to the plants in the same genus, which resulted in some confusion in identification and application. Meanwhile, there are still some controversies in taxonomy. Herein, the complete chloroplast genome sequence of G. yixingense was obtained by Illumina paired-end sequencing technology and compared to other chloroplast genome sequences of congeneric species. The complete chloroplast genome of G. yixingense is 157,910 bp in length with 36.94% GC content and contains a large single-copy (LSC) region of 86,791 bp, a small single-copy (SSC) region of 18,635 bp and a pair of inverted repeat (IR) regions of 26,242 bp. The whole genome contains 133 unique genes, including 87 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, eight rRNA genes and one pseudogene. In addition, 74 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were identified, most of which were A/T rich. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that G. yixingense had the closest relationship to G. laxiflorum. The result of this study provided an important theoretical basis for chloroplast genome and phylogenetic analysis of G. yixingense.

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OBJECTIVE: To analyze the risk factors and prognosis related to early post-traumatic epilepsy (EPTE). METHODS: One hundred and eighty-six patients with traumatic brain injury were enrolled. Their full clinical data were collected. Single factor analysis and logistic regression analysis of risk factors related to EPTE were performed. The prognosis of patients was determined. RESULTS: Single factor analysis showed that there were significant differences of age (p = 0.011), epilepsy history (p < 0.001), injury site (p = 0.004), injury type (p < 0.001) and injury degree (p < 0.001) between the EPTE group (40 patients) and non-EPTE group (146 patients). Logistic regression analysis showed that the injury site, injury type and injury degree were the main risk factors for EPTE. The odds ratio values of injury site, injury type and injury degree were 1.977 (1.473-2.679), 2.096 (1.543-2.842) and 2.376 (1.864-3.609), respectively. The logistic regression equation was P = Exp (-1.473 + 0.698 × injury site + 0.717 × injury type + 0.935 × injury degree). The sensitivity and specificity of injury site, injury type and injury degree for predicting EPTE were 79.2% and 80.5%, 78.9% and 85.7% and 84.2% and 81.0%, respectively. The analysis of prognosis showed that the Glasgow Outcome Scale/Activity of Daily Living Scale scores in the EPTE group were significantly lower than those in non-EPTE group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Injury site, injury type and injury degree are the main risk factors for EPTE. The prognosis of patients with traumatic brain injury can be affected by EPTE.

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ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the risk factors and prognosis related to early post-traumatic epilepsy (EPTE). Methods One hundred and eighty-six patients with traumatic brain injury were enrolled. Their full clinical data were collected. Single factor analysis and logistic regression analysis of risk factors related to EPTE were performed. The prognosis of patients was determined. Results Single factor analysis showed that there were significant differences of age (p = 0.011), epilepsy history (p < 0.001), injury site (p = 0.004), injury type (p < 0.001) and injury degree (p < 0.001) between the EPTE group (40 patients) and non-EPTE group (146 patients). Logistic regression analysis showed that the injury site, injury type and injury degree were the main risk factors for EPTE. The odds ratio values of injury site, injury type and injury degree were 1.977 (1.473-2.679), 2.096 (1.543-2.842) and 2.376 (1.864-3.609), respectively. The logistic regression equation was P = Exp (-1.473 + 0.698 × injury site + 0.717 × injury type + 0.935 × injury degree). The sensitivity and specificity of injury site, injury type and injury degree for predicting EPTE were 79.2% and 80.5%, 78.9% and 85.7% and 84.2% and 81.0%, respectively. The analysis of prognosis showed that the Glasgow Outcome Scale/Activity of Daily Living Scale scores in the EPTE group were significantly lower than those in non-EPTE group (p < 0.05). Conclusions Injury site, injury type and injury degree are the main risk factors for EPTE. The prognosis of patients with traumatic brain injury can be affected by EPTE.

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar os fatores de risco e prognóstico relacionados à epilepsia pós-traumática precoce (EPTE). Métodos Cento e oitenta e seis pacientes com lesão cerebral traumática foram incluídos. Seus dados clínicos completos foram coletados. A análise fatorial única e a análise de regressão logística dos fatores de risco relacionados à EPTE foram realizadas. O prognóstico dos pacientes foi observado. Resultados A análise fatorial única mostrou que houve diferenças significativas de idade (p = 0,011), história de epilepsia (p < 0,001), local da lesão (p = 0,004), tipo de lesão (p < 0,001) e grau de lesão (p < 0,001) entre o grupo EPTE (40 casos) e o grupo não-EPTE (146 casos), respectivamente. A análise de regressão logística mostrou que o local da lesão, tipo de lesão e grau de lesão foram os principais fatores de risco para EPTE. Os valores de razões de chance do local da lesão, tipo de lesão e grau de lesão foram 1.977 (1.473-2.679), 2.096 (1.543-2.842) e 2.376 (1.864-3.609), respectivamente. A equação de regressão logística foi P = Exp (-1,473 + 0,698 × local de lesão + 0,717 × tipo de lesão + 0,935 × grau de lesão). A sensibilidade e especificidade do local da lesão, tipo de lesão e grau de lesão para a predição da EPTE foram de 79,2% e 80,5%, 78,9% e 85,7% e 84,2% e 81,0%, respectivamente. A análise do prognóstico mostrou que o escore da Escala de Desfechos de Glasgow / Atividade de Vida Diária no grupo EPTE foi significativamente menor do que no grupo não-EPTE (P <0,05). Conclusões O local da lesão, tipo de lesão e grau de lesão são os principais fatores de risco para EPTE. A EPTE pode afetar o prognóstico de pacientes com lesão cerebral traumática.

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Two new secondary metabolites, kongiilines A and B (1, 7), and two asperphenamate derivatives, asperphenamates B and C (5-6), together with 16 known compounds (2-4, 8-20), were isolated from Tibetan Plateau fungi Penicillium kongii and Penicillium brasilianum. This is the first report on asperphenamates B and C as naturally occurring compounds, and that aspterric acid is isolated from P. brasilianum for the first time. Their structures were elucidated by different spectroscopic techniques including high-resolution electrospray ionisation mass spectrum, 1D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and 2D NMR as well as electronic circular dichroism. Compounds 4, 5, and 10 exhibited cytotoxicity activities against human colon carcinoma HCT116 cell line with IC50 values of 88.16, 77.68, and 36.92 µM, respectively. Fungi from Tibetan Plateau represent important and rich resources for the investigation of new chemicals.

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Maize was domesticated from lowland teosinte (Zea mays ssp. parviglumis), but the contribution of highland teosinte (Zea mays ssp. mexicana, hereafter mexicana) to modern maize is not clear. Here, two genomes for Mo17 (a modern maize inbred) and mexicana are assembled using a meta-assembly strategy after sequencing of 10 lines derived from a maize-teosinte cross. Comparative analyses reveal a high level of diversity between Mo17, B73, and mexicana, including three Mb-size structural rearrangements. The maize spontaneous mutation rate is estimated to be 2.17 × 10-8 ~3.87 × 10-8 per site per generation with a nonrandom distribution across the genome. A higher deleterious mutation rate is observed in the pericentromeric regions, and might be caused by differences in recombination frequency. Over 10% of the maize genome shows evidence of introgression from the mexicana genome, suggesting that mexicana contributed to maize adaptation and improvement. Our data offer a rich resource for constructing the pan-genome of Zea mays and genetic improvement of modern maize varieties.

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BACKGROUND: Influenza attack rates are high in 6- to 35-month-old children; vaccines containing both lineages of influenza B (Yamagata and Victoria), in addition to the H3N2 and H1N1 antigens, may improve protection rates. METHODS: In a randomized double-blind controlled trial, the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of an inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccine (QIV) and a trivalent control vaccine (TIV) were assessed. RESULTS: Six hundred one children (QIV, n = 299; TIV, n = 302) were enrolled at 8 sites in 3 countries. The primary immunogenicity objective was met: the lower limit (LL) of the 2-sided 95% confidence interval (CI) for the seroconversion rate in QIV recipients ranged from 66.6% to 81.3%, which was ≥40% against all 4 strains. The immunogenic superiority of the additional B/Victoria strain in the QIV compared to that in the TIV was confirmed: the LL of the 2-sided 95% CI of the geometric mean titer ratio (QIV/TIV) (6.28 [95% CI, 5.32-7.41]) was greater than 1.5, and the LL of the 2-sided 95% CI for the difference in the seroconversion rate (QIV - TIV) (64.19% [95% CI, 57.65%-69.95%]) was greater than 10%. Injection-site pain and irritability/fussiness were the most commonly reported solicited injection-site and general adverse events, respectively, from days 0 to 6 and were similar in frequency between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: In children aged 6 to 35 months, a QIV has superior immunogenicity for the added B strain and acceptable immunogenicity for shared strains, with no notable difference in reactogenicity and safety when compared to a TIV.

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BACKGROUND: Leptospirosis is a zoonosis caused by highly motile, helically shaped bacteria that penetrate the skin and mucous membranes through lesions or abrasions, and rapidly disseminate throughout the body. Although the intraperitoneal route of infection is widely used to experimentally inoculate hamsters, this challenge route does not represent a natural route of infection. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Here we describe the kinetics of disease and infection in hamster model of leptospirosis after subcutaneous and intradermal inoculation of Leptospira interrogans serovar Copenhageni, strain Fiocruz L1-130. Histopathologic changes in and around the kidney, including glomerular and tubular damage and interstitial inflammatory changes, began on day 5, and preceded deterioration in renal function as measured by serum creatinine. Weight loss, hemoconcentration, increased absolute neutrophil counts (ANC) in the blood and hepatic dysfunction were first noted on day 6. Vascular endothelial growth factor, a serum marker of sepsis severity, became elevated during the later stages of infection. The burden of infection, as measured by quantitative PCR, was highest in the kidney and peaked on day 5 after intradermal challenge and on day 6 after subcutaneous challenge. Compared to subcutaneous challenge, intradermal challenge resulted in a lower burden of infection in both the kidney and liver on day 6, lower ANC and less weight loss on day 7. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The intradermal and subcutaneous challenge routes result in significant differences in the kinetics of dissemination and disease after challenge with L. interrogans serovar Copenhageni strain Fiocruz L1-130 at an experimental dose of 2×106 leptospires. These results provide new information regarding infection kinetics in the hamster model of leptospirosis.

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