RESUMO
The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review encompassing the syndromes associated with the lower cranial nerves (LCNs). We will discuss the anatomy of some of these syndromes and the historical contributors after whom they were named. The LCNs can be affected individually or in combination, since the cranial nerves at this level share their courses through the jugular foramen and hypoglossal canal and the extracranial spaces. Numerous alterations affecting them have been described in the literature, but much remains to be discovered on this topic. This paper will highlight some of the subtle differences among these syndromes. Symptoms and signs that have localization value for LCN lesions include impaired speech, deglutition, sensory functions, alterations in taste, autonomic dysfunction, neuralgic pain, dysphagia, head or neck pain, cardiac or gastrointestinal compromise, and weakness of the tongue, trapezius, or sternocleidomastoid muscles. To assess the manifestations of LCN lesions correctly, precise knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the area is required. Treatments currently used for these conditions will also be addressed here. Effective treatments are available in several such cases, but a precondition for complete recovery is a correct and swift diagnosis.
Assuntos
Nervo Acessório/anatomia & histologia , Nervo Glossofaríngeo/anatomia & histologia , Nervo Hipoglosso/anatomia & histologia , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso Periférico/patologia , Nervo Vago/anatomia & histologia , Nervo Acessório/fisiologia , Nervos Cranianos/anatomia & histologia , Nervos Cranianos/fisiologia , Nervo Glossofaríngeo/fisiologia , Humanos , Nervo Hipoglosso/fisiologia , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso Periférico/cirurgia , Síndrome , Nervo Vago/fisiologiaRESUMO
The thalamus is a deep cerebral structure that is crucial for proper neurological functioning as it transmits signals from nearly all pathways in the body. Insult to the thalamus can, therefore, result in complex syndromes involving sensation, cognition, executive function, fine motor control, emotion, and arousal, to name a few. Specific territories in the thalamus that are supplied by deep cerebral arteries have been shown to correlate with clinical symptoms. The aim of this review is to enhance our understanding of the arterial anatomy of the thalamus and the complications that can arise from lesions to it by considering the functions of known thalamic nuclei supplied by each vascular territory.