RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Racial/ethnic disparities in continuous glucose monitor (CGM) use exist among children with type 1 diabetes. It is not known whether differential rates of device initiation or sustained use are the cause of this disparity. Our objective was to compare CGM initiation rates and continued use among non-Hispanic White (NHW), non-Hispanic Black (NHB), and Hispanic children. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review including children with type 1 diabetes attending the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia between 1 January 2015 and 31 December 2018. RESULTS: Of 1,509 eligible children, 726 (48%) started CGM during the study period. More NHW (54%) than NHB (31%) and Hispanic (33%) children started CGM (P < 0.001). One year after starting, fewer NHB (61%) than NHW (86%) and Hispanic (85%) children were using CGM (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Lower CGM use in NHB children was due to lower rates of device initiation and higher rates of discontinuation. Interventions to address both of these barriers are needed to reduce disparities in CGM use.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1 , Negro ou Afro-Americano , Glicemia , Criança , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/tratamento farmacológico , Hispânico ou Latino , Humanos , Estudos Retrospectivos , População BrancaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The ability of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) to improve diabetes outcomes depends upon consistent use. To identify factors that facilitate long-term use of CGM, this study tested the hypothesis that youth involvement in the decision to initiate this therapy would influence subsequent CGM use and that CGM self-efficacy and satisfaction mediate this relationship. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Before initiating CGM, parent-youth dyads (i.e., pairs) from an academic endocrinology clinic completed assessments, including a measure of the child's involvement in the decision to start CGM. Two months into CGM use, youth completed measures of CGM self-efficacy and satisfaction. Fidelity of CGM use between weeks 5 and 12 was accessed via a cloud-based data repository. Hypotheses were tested with linear mixed-effects models, accounting for patients clustered within provider and repeated measures within patients. RESULTS: CGM use in 108 dyads (youth mean age 13.4 ± 2.7 years; 73% White) was positively predicted by baseline parent report of youth involvement in the CGM decision (P < 0.0001), and this relationship was mediated by youth's perceptions of CGM self-efficacy (P < 0.0001) and hassle (P = 0.014). So, when the youth shared their opinions about CGM with parents and participated in the decision to start, they perceived higher self-efficacy and lower hassle at 2-month follow-up, which predicted more days of use. This pattern held in models adjusting for youth race and sex and family income. CONCLUSIONS: To achieve maximum clinical benefit from CGM use, providers should facilitate youth involvement in the decision to initiate the device.
Assuntos
Tomada de Decisão Compartilhada , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/sangue , Controle Glicêmico/instrumentação , Autoeficácia , Adolescente , Glicemia/análise , Automonitorização da Glicemia/instrumentação , Automonitorização da Glicemia/métodos , Automonitorização da Glicemia/psicologia , Criança , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/diagnóstico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/psicologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/terapia , Feminino , Hemoglobinas Glicadas/análise , Controle Glicêmico/métodos , Controle Glicêmico/psicologia , Humanos , Masculino , Prognóstico , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Diabetic kidney disease is a major cause of premature mortality in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Worsening insulin sensitivity independent of glycemic control may contribute to the development of diabetic kidney disease. We investigated the longitudinal association of insulin sensitivity with hyperfiltration and increased albumin excretion in adolescents with T2DM. STUDY DESIGN: Observational prospective cohort study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: 532 TODAY (Treatment Options for Type 2 Diabetes in Adolescents and Youth) participants aged 12 to 17 years with T2DM duration less than 2 years at baseline. The TODAY Study was a multicenter randomized clinical trial that examined the efficacy of 3 treatment regimens (metformin monotherapy, metformin plus rosiglitazone, or metformin plus an intensive lifestyle intervention program) to achieve durable glycemic control. PREDICTORS: Natural log-transformed estimated insulin sensitivity (reciprocal of fasting insulin), hemoglobin A1c concentration, age, race-ethnicity, treatment group, body mass index, loss of glycemic control, and hypertension. OUTCOMES: Hyperfiltration was defined as 99th percentile or higher of estimated glomerular filtration rate (≥140mL/min/1.73m2) when referenced to healthy adolescents (NHANES 1999-2002) and albumin-creatinine ratio ≥ 30µg/mg at 3 consecutive annual visits. RESULTS: Hyperfiltration was observed in 7.0% of participants at baseline and in 13.3% by 5 years, with a cumulative incidence of 5.0% over 5 years. The prevalence of increased albumin excretion was 6% at baseline and 18% by 5 years, with a cumulative incidence of 13.4%. There was an 8% increase in risk for hyperfiltration per 10% lower estimated insulin sensitivity in unadjusted and adjusted models (P=0.01). Increased albumin excretion was associated with hemoglobin A1c concentration, but not estimated insulin sensitivity. LIMITATIONS: Longer follow-up is needed to capture the transition from hyperfiltration to rapid glomerular filtration rate decline in youth-onset T2DM. CONCLUSIONS: Lower estimated insulin sensitivity was associated with risk for hyperfiltration over time, whereas increased albumin excretion was associated with hyperglycemia in youth-onset T2DM.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangue , Nefropatias Diabéticas/sangue , Resistência à Insulina/fisiologia , Inquéritos Nutricionais , Adolescente , Glicemia/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiologia , Nefropatias Diabéticas/epidemiologia , Nefropatias Diabéticas/etiologia , Progressão da Doença , Seguimentos , Taxa de Filtração Glomerular , Hemoglobinas Glicadas/metabolismo , Humanos , Morbidade/tendências , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Taxa de Sobrevida/tendências , Fatores de Tempo , Estados UnidosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The Treatment Options for type 2 Diabetes in Adolescents and Youth (TODAY) study demonstrated that glycemic failure rates in the three treatments combined-metformin plus rosiglitazone, metformin alone, and metformin plus lifestyle-were higher in non-Hispanic blacks (NHB; 52.8%) versus non-Hispanic whites (NHW; 36.6%) and Hispanics (H; 45.0%). Moreover, metformin alone was less effective in NHB versus NHW versus H youth. This study describes treatment-associated changes in adiponectin, insulin sensitivity, and ß-cell function over time among the three racial/ethnic groups to understand potential mechanism(s) responsible for this racial/ethnic disparity. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: TODAY participants underwent periodic oral glucose tolerance tests to determine insulin sensitivity, C-peptide index, and oral disposition index (oDI), with measurements of total and high-molecular-weight adiponectin (HMWA). RESULTS: At baseline NHB had significantly lower HMWA than NHW and H and exhibited a significantly smaller increase (17.3% vs. 33.7% vs. 29.9%, respectively) during the first 6 months overall. Increases in HMWA were associated with reductions in glycemic failure in the three racial/ethnic groups combined (hazard ratio 0.61, P < 0.0001) and in each race/ethnicity separately. Over time, HMWA was significantly lower in those who failed versus did not fail treatment, irrespective of race/ethnicity. There were no differences in treatment-associated temporal changes in insulin sensitivity, C-peptide index, and oDI among the three racial/ethnic groups. CONCLUSIONS: HMWA is a reliable biomarker of treatment response in youth with type 2 diabetes. The diminutive treatment-associated increase in HMWA in NHB (â¼50% lower) compared with NHW and H may explain the observed racial/ethnic disparity with higher therapeutic failure rates in NHB in TODAY.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/etnologia , Etnicidade/estatística & dados numéricos , Disparidades nos Níveis de Saúde , Hipoglicemiantes/administração & dosagem , Adiponectina/sangue , Adolescente , População Negra/estatística & dados numéricos , Glicemia/efeitos dos fármacos , Peptídeo C/análise , Criança , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/fisiopatologia , Combinação de Medicamentos , Feminino , Teste de Tolerância a Glucose , Hispânico ou Latino/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Resistência à Insulina/fisiologia , Estilo de Vida , Masculino , Metformina/administração & dosagem , Tiazóis/administração & dosagem , Falha de Tratamento , População Branca/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: We evaluated pregnancy outcomes, maternal and fetal/neonatal, during the Treatment Options for type 2 Diabetes in Adolescents and Youth (TODAY) study. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The TODAY study was a randomized controlled trial comparing three treatment options for youth with type 2 diabetes. Informed consent included the requirement for contraception, including abstinence; this was reinforced at each visit. Following informed consent, self-reported data related to the mother's prenatal care and delivery and the infant's health were retrospectively collected. When permitted, maternal medical records and infant birth records were reviewed. RESULTS: Of the 452 enrolled female participants, 46 (10.2%) had 63 pregnancies. Despite continued emphasis on adequate contraception, only 4.8% of the pregnant participants reported using contraception prior to pregnancy. The mean age at first pregnancy was 18.4 years; the mean diabetes duration was 3.17 years. Seven pregnancies were electively terminated; three pregnancies had no data reported. Of the remaining 53 pregnancies, 5 (9.4%) resulted in early pregnancy loss, and 7 (13%) resulted in loss with inadequate pregnancy duration data. Two pregnancies ended in stillbirth, at 27 and 37 weeks, and 39 ended with a live-born infant. Of the live-born infants, six (15.4%) were preterm and eight (20.5%) had a major congenital anomaly. CONCLUSIONS: Despite diabetes-specific information recommending birth control and the avoidance of pregnancy, 10% of the study participants became pregnant. Pregnancies in youth with type 2 diabetes may be especially prone to result in congenital anomalies. Reasons for the high rate of congenital anomalies are uncertain, but may include poor metabolic control and extreme obesity.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiologia , Resultado da Gravidez , Gravidez em Diabéticas/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Parto Obstétrico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Cooperação do Paciente , Gravidez , Cuidado Pré-Natal , NatimortoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To examine whether longitudinal changes in relative weight category (as indicated by change in body mass index [BMI] classification group) were associated with changes in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-derived lipoprotein particles among US youth. STUDY DESIGN: Secondary analysis of data from a clustered randomized controlled trial. BMI and fasting blood samples were obtained from 2069 participants at the start of the 6th grade and end of the 8th grade. BMI was categorized as normal weight, overweight, or obese at both time points. Lipoprotein particle profiles were measured with NMR spectroscopy at both time points. Regression models were used to examine changes in relative weight group and change in lipoprotein variables. RESULTS: A total of 38% of participants changed relative weight category (BMI group) during the 2.5-year study period. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and non-high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol decreased almost universally, but more with improved BMI category. There were adverse effects on LDL size and total LDL particles, HDL size, and cholesterol for participants who remained obese or whose relative weight group worsened. Changes in relative category had no impact on HDL particles. CONCLUSION: Improvement in relative weight group from 6th to 8th grade was associated with favorable changes in non-HDL cholesterol, very low-density lipoprotein size, LDL size, HDL size, and LDL particles but had no effect on HDL particles. Findings indicate that an improvement in relative weight group between 6th and 8th grade had an effect on NMR-derived particles sizes and concentrations among a large group of adolescents, which overrepresented low-income minorities.
Assuntos
HDL-Colesterol/química , LDL-Colesterol/química , VLDL-Colesterol/química , Tamanho da Partícula , Obesidade Infantil/sangue , Aumento de Peso , Redução de Peso , Adolescente , Biomarcadores/sangue , Biomarcadores/química , Índice de Massa Corporal , Criança , HDL-Colesterol/sangue , LDL-Colesterol/sangue , VLDL-Colesterol/sangue , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Modelos Lineares , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Sobrepeso/sangue , Magreza/sangueRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To characterize lipids and lipoproteins in a diverse school-based cohort and identify features associated with discordance between low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and LDL particle (LDL-P). STUDY DESIGN: Sixth-grade children enrolled in the HEALTHY trial (n = 2384; mean age 11.3 ± 0.6 years; 54.2% female) were evaluated for standard lipids, lipoprotein particles measured by nuclear magnetic resonance, and homeostatic model of insulin resistance. Characteristics of subgroups with values of LDL-C and LDL-P discordant by >20 percentile units, an amount reasoned to be clinically significant, were compared. RESULTS: Four-hundred twenty-eight (18%) of children were in the LDL-P < LDL-C subgroup and 375 (16%) in the LDL-P > LDL-C subgroup. Those with LDL-P > LDL-C had significantly greater body mass index, waist circumference, homeostatic model of insulin resistance, triglycerides, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and reflected a greater Hispanic ethnic composition but fewer of black race than both the concordant (LDL-P â LDL-C) and opposite discordant (LDL-P < LDL-C) subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: There is as much lipoprotein cholesterol compositional heterogeneity in sixth graders as has been described in adults and a discordant atherogenic phenotype of LDL-P > LDL-C, common in obesity, is often missed when only LDL-C is considered. Conversely, many children with moderate-risk cholesterol measures (75th to 99th percentile) have a lower LDL-P burden.
Assuntos
LDL-Colesterol/sangue , Lipoproteínas LDL/sangue , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Tamanho da PartículaAssuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/terapia , Insulina/uso terapêutico , Criança , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/epidemiologia , Humanos , Hipoglicemia/epidemiologia , Hipoglicemia/prevenção & controle , Insulina/administração & dosagem , Sistemas de Infusão de Insulina , Cooperação do Paciente , Fatores de Risco , AutoadministraçãoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) therapy on parameters affecting long-term outcome in type 1 diabetes. Study design Height, weight, body mass index, insulin dose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA(1C)), and blood glucose data from home meter downloads were collected prospectively for analysis in 51 children (age, 10.7+/-3.1 years, mean+/-SD) throughout the 12 months before and after introducing CSII. RESULTS: Before pump initiation, HbA(1C) was relatively stable, but it fell to 7.7+/-0.2% (P<.001) within 3 months of CSII and remained decreased (7.9+/-0.1%) at 12 months (P<.01). In contrast, weight standard deviation score increased before CSII (from 0.50+/-0.13 to 0.60+/-0.13, P<.05), but remained unchanged (0.61+/-0.11) in the year thereafter. Although severe hypoglycemia (<50 mg/dL) was reduced in the entire cohort, HbA(1C) improved primarily in young children and teenagers. Comparison of glycemic responders (HbA(1C) <7.5, or a decrease >1% on CSII, n=23) with nonresponders demonstrated no differences with respect to gender, socioeconomic status, weight standard deviation score, body mass index, initial HbA(1C), frequency of hypoglycemia, or number of education visits before CSII. CONCLUSION: Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion is effective in lowering HbA(1C) and the occurrence of severe nocturnal hypoglycemia without excessive weight gain in most children with type 1 diabetes. HbA(1C) response to CSII is poorer in preadolescents than in young children or teenagers.