RESUMO
Human papillomavirus (HPV) seroprevalence and determinants of seropositivity were assessed in a 10049-woman population-based cohort in Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Serologic responses based on VLP-based ELISA were obtained from the plasma collected at study enrollment in 1993/1994 for HPV-16 (n=9949), HPV-18 (n=9928), HPV-31 (n=9932), and HPV-45 (n=3019). Seropositivity was defined as five standard deviations above the mean optical density obtained for studied virgins (n=573). HPV-16, -18, -31, and -45 seroprevalence was 15, 15, 16, and 11%, respectively. Of women DNA-positive for HPV-16, -18, -31, or -45, seropositivity was 45, 34, 51, and 28%, respectively. Peak HPV seroprevalence occurred a decade after DNA prevalence; lifetime number of sexual partners was the key determinant of seropositivity independent of DNA status and age. DNA- and sero-positive women showed the highest risk for concurrent CIN3/cancer, followed by DNA-positive, sero-negative women.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Papillomaviridae/imunologia , Infecções por Papillomavirus/epidemiologia , Displasia do Colo do Útero/epidemiologia , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Antígenos Virais/imunologia , Estudos de Coortes , Costa Rica/epidemiologia , DNA Viral/análise , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Papillomaviridae/genética , Infecções por Papillomavirus/virologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/virologia , Displasia do Colo do Útero/virologiaRESUMO
The relationship between cultural and genetic evolution was examined in the yellow-naped amazon Amazona auropalliata. This species has previously been shown to have regional dialects defined by large shifts in the acoustic structure of its learned contact call. Mitochondrial DNA sequence variation from a 680 base pair segment of the first domain of the control region was assayed in 41 samples collected from two neighbouring dialects in Costa Rica. The relationship of genetic variation to vocal variation was examined using haplotype analysis, genetic distance analysis, a maximum-likelihood estimator of migration rates and phylogenetic reconstructions. All analyses indicated a high degree of gene flow and, thus, individual dispersal across dialect boundaries. Calls sampled from sound libraries suggested that temporally stable contact call dialects occur throughout the range of the yellow-naped amazon, while the presence of similar dialects in the sister species Amazona ochrocephala suggests that the propensity to form dialects is ancestral in this clade. These results indicate that genes and culture are not closely associated in the yellow-naped amazon. Rather, they suggest that regional diversity in vocalizations is maintained by selective pressures that promote social learning and allow individual repertoires to conform to local call types.
Assuntos
Evolução Biológica , DNA Mitocondrial/genética , Papagaios/genética , Vocalização Animal , Animais , Pareamento de Bases , América Central , Costa Rica , Evolução Molecular , Variação Genética , Geografia , Haplótipos , Filogenia , América do Sul , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To describe the characteristics of salmonella infections in sickle cell disease and to compare the features of osteomyelitis and those with bacteremia/septicemia without obvious bone changes. To search for risk factors for osteomyelitis, and to draw attention to the frequency and significance of salmonella bacteremia/septicemia. STUDY DESIGN:A retrospective review of all salmonella isolations from the blood, pus, or aspirates during a 22-year period. SETTING: The sickle cell clinic at the University Hospital of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica. SUBJECTS: Patients with all genotypes of sickle cell diseases. Incidence data and the frequency of associated cholelithiasis were derived for the cohort study based on follow-up of all children detected by neonatal screening. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Osteomyelitis and bacteremia/septicemia. RESULTS: Of 55 patients with salmonella infections, 25 initially had osteomyelitis and 27 had bacteremia/septicemia. Three of the first group later had bacteremias for a total of 30 episodes of bacteremia/septicemia, and 4 of the second group later had osteomyelitis for a total of 32 episodes of osteomyelitis. The incidence of salmonella infection was 8.6 percent by 15 years and 96 percent of infections occurred before the age of 10 years. Preceding episodes of avascular necrosis of bone were frequent (p < 0.006) in patients with osteomyelitis. Patients with osteomyelitis were not more prone to gallstones. High fever (temperature > or = 40 degrees C or 104 degrees F) occurred in 41 percent, and occasionally marked bone marrow suppression mimicked the aplastic crisis. Twenty Salmonella serotypes were isolated; Salmonella enteritidis accounted for 36 percent of infections, but no serotype difference occurred between those with osteomyelitis and those with bacteremia/septicemia. There were no deaths in the 32 patients with osteomyelitis, but 7 (23 percent) of 30 patients with septicemia died. CONCLUSIONS: Anti-salmonella prophylaxis requires assessment in the management of bone necrosis. Anti-salmonella agents may be indicated in undiagnosed septic conditions in sickle cell disease pending culture results.(AU)
Assuntos
Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Bacteriemia/microbiologia , Anemia Falciforme/complicações , Osteomielite/microbiologia , Infecções por Salmonella/complicações , Anemia Falciforme/epidemiologia , Bacteriemia/epidemiologia , Colelitíase/complicações , Colelitíase/epidemiologia , Estudos de Coortes , Incidência , Jamaica/epidemiologia , Osteomielite/epidemiologia , Osteonecrose/complicações , Osteonecrose/epidemiologia , Fatores de Risco , Salmonella enteritidis/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Salmonella/epidemiologia , EsplenectomiaRESUMO
Preliminary findings in a pioneer training project under NIMH auspices to prepare physical education graduate students to assume leadership roles in recreation work with emotionally disturbed children are reviewed and discussed. An 80-day, year-round program exposes the trainees to a variety of experimental opportunities in both day-camping and community recreation settings. A six-credit curriculum is provided by Temple University, while the field training sequences are established by Buttonwood Farms. Students receive intensive mental health guidance, supervision, and training and both individual and group counseling.