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Recent molecular studies have clarified the overarching taxonomy of capuchin monkeys, but intraspecific genetic diversity remains unexplored for most capuchin species. One example is Sapajus nigritus, the southernmost capuchin monkey, found in Brazil and Argentina; its phenotypic diversity has been recognized as two geographic subspecies, but the intraspecific genetic structure of this taxon is poorly known. Here, we sampled across most of this species' geographic distribution, producing a newly sequenced data set for genetic analyses that included 78 individuals from 14 populations. We investigated the intraspecific diversity, genetic structure, and evolutionary history using three mitochondrial markers. Our results indicated that S. nigritus populations exhibited high levels of genetic structure. We found strong support for two monophyletic clades within this species with a deep phylogenetic split, and clear separation from other related taxa. Vicariance events seem to have played a prevalent role in shaping S. nigritus genetic differentiation. The Paraíba do Sul River may have driven the deep divergence between southern and northern clades, whereas the Tietê River may have had a weaker, more recent effect on the divergence of populations within the southern clade.

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BACKGROUND: Zika virus (ZIKV) was discovered in 1947 with the virus isolation from Rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) in Uganda forest, Africa. Old World Primates are involved in a sylvatic cycle of maintenance of this arbovirus, however a limited knowledge about the role of New World primates in ZIKV transmission cycles has been established. OBJECTIVE: This work aimed to investigate the presence of enzootic circulation of ZIKV in New World Primates from three Brazilian states: São Paulo, Paraíba, and Paraná. METHODS: We analyzed 100 non-human primate samples collected in 2018 and 2020 from free-ranging and captive environments from São Paulo (six municipalities belonging to Sorocaba region), Paraíba (João Pessoa municipality), and Paraná (Foz do Iguaçu municipality) using reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase reaction (RT-qPCR) assays, indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT). FINDINGS: All samples (n = 141) tested negative for the presence of ZIKV genome from tissue and blood samples. In addition, all sera (n = 58) from Foz do Iguaçu' non-human primates (NHPs) were negative in serological assays. MAIN CONCLUSION: No evidence of ZIKV circulation (molecular and serological) was found in neotropical primates. In addition, the absence of antibodies against ZIKV suggests the absence of previous viral exposure of NHPs from Foz do Iguaçu-PR.

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RESUMO

BACKGROUND Zika virus (ZIKV) was discovered in 1947 with the virus isolation from Rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) in Uganda forest, Africa. Old World Primates are involved in a sylvatic cycle of maintenance of this arbovirus, however a limited knowledge about the role of New World primates in ZIKV transmission cycles has been established. OBJECTIVE This work aimed to investigate the presence of enzootic circulation of ZIKV in New World Primates from three Brazilian states: São Paulo, Paraíba, and Paraná. METHODS We analyzed 100 non-human primate samples collected in 2018 and 2020 from free-ranging and captive environments from São Paulo (six municipalities belonging to Sorocaba region), Paraíba (João Pessoa municipality), and Paraná (Foz do Iguaçu municipality) using reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase reaction (RT-qPCR) assays, indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT). FINDINGS All samples (n = 141) tested negative for the presence of ZIKV genome from tissue and blood samples. In addition, all sera (n = 58) from Foz do Iguaçu' non-human primates (NHPs) were negative in serological assays. MAIN CONCLUSION No evidence of ZIKV circulation (molecular and serological) was found in neotropical primates. In addition, the absence of antibodies against ZIKV suggests the absence of previous viral exposure of NHPs from Foz do Iguaçu-PR.

RESUMO

Background: The term “rabbit gastrointestinal syndrome” (RGIS) refers to a decrease in peristaltic movements, which insome cases can progress to absolute inactivity of the digestive apparatus. This condition is mostly secondary to others thatpromote changes in gastrointestinal motility, such as dehydration, fiber deficiency, excess carbohydrates in diets, stress,and acute or chronic painful processes. Clinical manifestations are mostly nonspecific. Thus, a case of RGIS resultingfrom environmental change in a domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) is reported.Case: A 4-month-old male domestic rabbit weighing 0.962 kg was referred to a university veterinary hospital. The patient had a history of absence of defecation and anorexia for the past two days. The owner reported that the patient wasapathetic but became aggressive when manipulated. The changes started after a move of residence. On physical evaluation, an increase in abdominal volume and a painful response to touch on the abdomen were observed. Complementaryexaminations were performed, such as a blood count and an ultrasound study. The blood tests showed no alterations,but the ultrasound evaluation showed the presence of free abdominal fluid, dilated intestinal loops due to fluid content,reduced gastrointestinal motility, and a hyperechoic structure associated with acoustic shading in the small intestine, allfindings suggestive of obstruction. Given the failure of clinical management, the patient was referred for an exploratorylaparotomy procedure followed by enterotomy. The obstruction point was located near the ileocecal junction. After surgery,analgesics, antibiotics, fluid therapy, anti-inflammatory drugs, intestinal motility inducers, and probiotics were prescribed.One week after the surgical procedure, the patient showed improvement in the clinical condition, with normal appetite,defecation, and docility...(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Background: The term “rabbit gastrointestinal syndrome” (RGIS) refers to a decrease in peristaltic movements, which insome cases can progress to absolute inactivity of the digestive apparatus. This condition is mostly secondary to others thatpromote changes in gastrointestinal motility, such as dehydration, fiber deficiency, excess carbohydrates in diets, stress,and acute or chronic painful processes. Clinical manifestations are mostly nonspecific. Thus, a case of RGIS resultingfrom environmental change in a domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) is reported.Case: A 4-month-old male domestic rabbit weighing 0.962 kg was referred to a university veterinary hospital. The patient had a history of absence of defecation and anorexia for the past two days. The owner reported that the patient wasapathetic but became aggressive when manipulated. The changes started after a move of residence. On physical evaluation, an increase in abdominal volume and a painful response to touch on the abdomen were observed. Complementaryexaminations were performed, such as a blood count and an ultrasound study. The blood tests showed no alterations,but the ultrasound evaluation showed the presence of free abdominal fluid, dilated intestinal loops due to fluid content,reduced gastrointestinal motility, and a hyperechoic structure associated with acoustic shading in the small intestine, allfindings suggestive of obstruction. Given the failure of clinical management, the patient was referred for an exploratorylaparotomy procedure followed by enterotomy. The obstruction point was located near the ileocecal junction. After surgery,analgesics, antibiotics, fluid therapy, anti-inflammatory drugs, intestinal motility inducers, and probiotics were prescribed.One week after the surgical procedure, the patient showed improvement in the clinical condition, with normal appetite,defecation, and docility...

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Background: The southern tiger cat (Leopardus guttulus) is a vulnerable wild felid whose occurrence is restricted to theAtlantic Forest biome of Brazilian South and Southwest regions. Various strategies must be used to improve the conservation of species of felids, including preservation of forests and greater therapeutic support for animals in poor healthcondition. Enteral nutrition through a nasoesophageal tube is an option for patients in poor or critical condition; however,this procedure carries the risk of accidental ingestion of the tube. The objective of this work is to describe a conservativeapproach for the management of ingestion of a linear foreign body in a Leopardus guttulus patient.Case: A young female southern tiger cat was taken for veterinary treatment. The patient had an estimated age of nine weeks,0.846 kg of body weight, and exhibited cachexia, hypothermia, severe dehydration, and apathy. During the examination,blood samples were taken, and initial treatment commenced with fluid therapy, antibiotic therapy, and anti-inflammatorytherapy along with administration of analgesics and a gastric protector. Since the patient did not want to eat, it received anasoesophageal feeding tube under mild sedation. The patient was positioned in sternal recumbency, its head was tiltedup, and a no. 6 nasoesophageal tube was ventromedially inserted through the right nostril. The tube was later confirmedto be correctly positioned at the ninth intercostal space by a radiographic study. The feeding tube allowed administrationof drugs and microenteral nutrition with a hypercaloric diet; this minimized handling of the patient, which preserved itswild behavior. After the seventh day of treatment, a piece of the tube was found lying at the bottom of the cage. Sinceingestion of the remainder of the tube by the patient was suspected, it was taken to the diagnostic imaging division. At theultrasonographic exam, the stomach exhibited hypermotility and...(AU)

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Background: The black capuccin (Sapajus nigritus) is one of the most abundant primate specimens in Brazil. Amongpopulation control techniques, vasectomy can be used once it maintains the animals leading behavior in the group throughhormonal presence, production of spermatogenic series, and copula. However, due to their escape behavior, agitation, inaddition to the impossibility of knowing the physiological state of these animals beforehand, their capture poses a considerable challenge. Thus, chemical restraint is indispensable and the use of effective and safe anesthetic protocols to animalintegrity is of paramount importance. In this scenario, the present study aims to report the anesthesia of a black capuccinsubmitted to vasectomy.Case: A 1-year-old male, 1.1 kg monkey (Sapajus nigritus) was admitted at a Veterinary Hospital after being found onthe ground in a natural reserve in the town of Assis Chateaubriand, in the west of Parana State. After clinical evaluation,the patient was submitted to vasectomy as a birth control method, before his return to the natural area, which presentedoverpopulation of the species. After preanesthetic examinations, the animal was considered healthy, and thus, premedicatedwith the combination of dexmedetomidine (10 μg/kg) and ketamine (10 mg/kg), intramuscularly. Anesthetic inductionwith propofol was performed to effect. Laringeal desensitization was achieved with 2% lidocaine (2 mg/kg), which allowed orotracheal intubation through direct visualization. Anesthesia was maintained with 1% isoflurane in a 0.5 oxygenfraction and spontaneous ventilation using a non-rebreathing circuit. The spermatic cord and the skin were desensitizedwith lidocaine (4 mg/kg). During the procedure, the animal was monitored for pulse oximetry, electrocardiogram, systolicblood pressure, body temperature, end tidal CO2 (ETCO2), and end tidal isoflurane. The animal also received 10 mL/kg/h ringer...(AU)

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Background: The black capuccin (Sapajus nigritus) is one of the most abundant primate specimens in Brazil. Amongpopulation control techniques, vasectomy can be used once it maintains the animal’s leading behavior in the group throughhormonal presence, production of spermatogenic series, and copula. However, due to their escape behavior, agitation, inaddition to the impossibility of knowing the physiological state of these animals beforehand, their capture poses a considerable challenge. Thus, chemical restraint is indispensable and the use of effective and safe anesthetic protocols to animalintegrity is of paramount importance. In this scenario, the present study aims to report the anesthesia of a black capuccinsubmitted to vasectomy.Case: A 1-year-old male, 1.1 kg monkey (Sapajus nigritus) was admitted at a Veterinary Hospital after being found onthe ground in a natural reserve in the town of Assis Chateaubriand, in the west of Parana State. After clinical evaluation,the patient was submitted to vasectomy as a birth control method, before his return to the natural area, which presentedoverpopulation of the species. After preanesthetic examinations, the animal was considered healthy, and thus, premedicatedwith the combination of dexmedetomidine (10 μg/kg) and ketamine (10 mg/kg), intramuscularly. Anesthetic inductionwith propofol was performed to effect. Laringeal desensitization was achieved with 2% lidocaine (2 mg/kg), which allowed orotracheal intubation through direct visualization. Anesthesia was maintained with 1% isoflurane in a 0.5 oxygenfraction and spontaneous ventilation using a non-rebreathing circuit. The spermatic cord and the skin were desensitizedwith lidocaine (4 mg/kg). During the procedure, the animal was monitored for pulse oximetry, electrocardiogram, systolicblood pressure, body temperature, end tidal CO2 (ETCO2), and end tidal isoflurane. The animal also received 10 mL/kg/h ringer...

Assuntos

RESUMO

Background: The southern tiger cat (Leopardus guttulus) is a vulnerable wild felid whose occurrence is restricted to theAtlantic Forest biome of Brazilian South and Southwest regions. Various strategies must be used to improve the conservation of species of felids, including preservation of forests and greater therapeutic support for animals in poor healthcondition. Enteral nutrition through a nasoesophageal tube is an option for patients in poor or critical condition; however,this procedure carries the risk of accidental ingestion of the tube. The objective of this work is to describe a conservativeapproach for the management of ingestion of a linear foreign body in a Leopardus guttulus patient.Case: A young female southern tiger cat was taken for veterinary treatment. The patient had an estimated age of nine weeks,0.846 kg of body weight, and exhibited cachexia, hypothermia, severe dehydration, and apathy. During the examination,blood samples were taken, and initial treatment commenced with fluid therapy, antibiotic therapy, and anti-inflammatorytherapy along with administration of analgesics and a gastric protector. Since the patient did not want to eat, it received anasoesophageal feeding tube under mild sedation. The patient was positioned in sternal recumbency, its head was tiltedup, and a no. 6 nasoesophageal tube was ventromedially inserted through the right nostril. The tube was later confirmedto be correctly positioned at the ninth intercostal space by a radiographic study. The feeding tube allowed administrationof drugs and microenteral nutrition with a hypercaloric diet; this minimized handling of the patient, which preserved itswild behavior. After the seventh day of treatment, a piece of the tube was found lying at the bottom of the cage. Sinceingestion of the remainder of the tube by the patient was suspected, it was taken to the diagnostic imaging division. At theultrasonographic exam, the stomach exhibited hypermotility and...

Assuntos