RESUMO
Resumen Objetivo: Analizar la prevalencia y los factores en la remoción de elementos de osteosíntesis (OTS) de pacientes tratados quirúrgicamente debido a fracturas maxilofaciales. Materiales y Método: Estudio retrospectivo descriptivo, donde fueron incluidos todos los pacientes con diagnóstico de fractura maxilofacial y tratados mediante reducción abierta y fijación interna rígida en un intervalo de 10 años, en el Servicio de Cirugía Oral y Maxilofacial en el Hospital Clínico Mutual de Seguridad (HCMS). Resultados: En un total de 807 pacientes intervenidos, con un rango etario entre 22-66 años, fueron utilizados 2.421 OTS. Entre ellos, 58 pacientes (7,2%) fueron sometidos a un segundo procedimiento quirúrgico, retirándose un total de 129 OTS (5,3%). La principal causa de retiro fue infección (41,1%), comúnmente de carácter tardío. El tercio inferior facial fue el más afectado, específicamente, la zona parasinfisiaria. El 39% fue retirado antes de los 12 meses de posicionados. Conclusiones: El retiro de OTS, posterior a trauma maxilofacial tiene una baja prevalencia. El sitio más afectado es el hueso mandibular y la mayoría se retira dentro de los primeros 12-24 meses. La etiología es variable, sin embargo, la infección se mantiene como una de las principales. Los hallazgos sugieren que no sería recomendable realizar este procedimiento de forma universal para todos los pacientes.
Aim: To analyse the prevalence and factors regarding to osteosynthesis elements (OTS) removal from patients surgically treated due to maxillofacial fractures. Materials and Method: Retrospective study in which all patients with diagnosis of maxillofacial fractures and treated with open reduction and internal rigid fixation were included, in an interval of 10 years, in the Maxillofacial Surgery Service of HCMS. Results: In 807 surgically treated patients, with an age between 22-66 years, 2.421 OTS were used. Among them, 58 patients (7.2%) underwent a second surgical procedure, with a total of 129 OTS removed (5.3%). The main cause of removal was infection (41.1%), commonly of a chronic nature. The lower third of the face was the most affected, specifically, the parasymphysis region. 39% of OTS were withdrawn before 12 months. Conclusions: OTS removal after maxillofacial trauma has a low prevalence, the most affected site is the mandibular bone, within the first 12-24 months. The aetiology is variable, however, infection remains one of the main. The findings suggest that it would not be advisable to perform this procedure universally for all patients.
Assuntos
Humanos , Titânio , Remoção de Dispositivo , Traumatismos Maxilofaciais/cirurgia , Cirurgia Bucal , Fixação Interna de FraturasRESUMO
Piscirickettsia salmonis is a facultative intracellular bacterium that generates piscirickettsiosis affecting salmonids in Chile. The bacterium has the adaptability to survive in the marine environment under multiple stressful conditions. In this sense, this work focused on the analysis of a gene battery associated with biofilm formation under different culture conditions and on the adaptability of this biofilm to different media. The results indicated that the strains LF-89, IBM-034 and IBM-040 were strong biofilm producers, evidencing adaptability to the media by increasing the amount of biofilm through successive growths. Transcript levels of six genes described in various bacteria and P. salmonis, considered to have metabolic functions, and playing a relevant role in biofilm formation, were analyzed to evaluate bacterial functionality in the biofilm. The genes mazE-mazF, implicated in biofilm and stress, were markedly overexpressed in the biofilm condition in the three strains. For its part, gene gltA, an indicator of metabolic activity and related to virulence inhibition in Salmonella typhimurium, also seems to restrain the pathogenesis process in P. salmonis by inhibiting the expression of the virulence-associated genes liso and tcf. Finally, the expression of the glnA gene suggests the use of glutamine as an essential element for the growth of the biofilm.
Assuntos
Biofilmes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Doenças dos Peixes/microbiologia , Piscirickettsia/genética , Piscirickettsia/patogenicidade , Infecções por Piscirickettsiaceae/microbiologia , Fatores de Virulência/genética , Animais , Chile , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Genes Bacterianos/genética , Piscirickettsia/metabolismo , Salmonidae/microbiologiaRESUMO
Fragaria chiloensis is a strawberry endemic from Chile with attractive white-pink fruit, pleasant aroma and taste. However, this fruit has a limited post-harvest period due to fast softening. Several transcription factors (TFs) are involved in the regulation of fruit ripening, and members of the NAC family have been implicated in cell wall remodeling. FcNAC1 was isolated from F. chiloensis fruit, coding a protein of 332 amino acid residues and displaying a characteristic NAC domain at the N terminus. FcNAC1 protein showed nuclear localization. An increase in transcript level was observed during ripening. A sequence of 1488 bp of FcNAC1 promoter was obtained. In silico analysis identified cis elements able to respond to some hormones and Secondary wall NAC binding elements (SNBE), and responding to auxin and ABA. A structural model of FcNAC1 provided evidence for interaction with DNA sequences containing SNBE, while a dual luciferase assay confirmed the transcriptional activation by FcNAC1 of the promoter of FcPL, a gene involved in cell wall remodeling in F. chiloensis fruit. The results suggest the participation of FcNAC1 during ripening development of strawberry fruit, by regulating pectin metabolism during softening.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Fragaria/fisiologia , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Ácido Abscísico/metabolismo , Parede Celular/metabolismo , Chile , Clonagem Molecular , DNA de Plantas/química , DNA de Plantas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/química , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/isolamento & purificação , Frutas/citologia , Frutas/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas/fisiologia , Ácidos Indolacéticos/metabolismo , Simulação de Dinâmica Molecular , Proteínas de Plantas/química , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/isolamento & purificação , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas/genética , Domínios e Motivos de Interação entre Proteínas , Fatores de Transcrição/química , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Eleginops maclovinus is an endemic fish to Chile that lives in proximity to salmonid culture centers, feeding off of uneaten pellet and salmonid feces. Occurring in the natural environment, this interaction between native and farmed fish could result in the horizontal transmission of pathogens affecting the aquaculture industry. The aim of this study was to evaluate the innate and adaptive immune responses of E. maclovinus challenged with P. salmonis. Treatment injections (in duplicate) were as follows: control (100⯵L of culture medium), wild type LF-89 strain (100⯵L, 1â¯×â¯108 live bacteria), and antibiotic resistant strain Austral-005 (100⯵L, 1â¯×â¯108 live bacteria). The fish were sampled at various time-points during the 35-day experimental period. The gene expression of TLRs (1, 5, and 8), NLRCs (3 and 5), C3, IL-1ß, MHCII, and IgMs were significantly modulated during the experimental period in both the spleen and gut (excepting TLR1 and TLR8 spleen expressions), with tissue-specific expression profiles and punctual differences between the injected strains. Anti-P. salmonis antibodies increased in E. maclovinus serum from day 14-28 for the LF-89 strain and from day 14-35 for the Austral-005 strain. These results suggest temporal activation of the innate and adaptive immune responses in E. maclovinus tissues when injected by distinct P. salmonis strains. The Austral-005 strain did not always cause the greatest increases/decreases in the number of transcripts, so the magnitude of the observed immune response (mRNA) may not be related to antibiotic resistance. This is the first immunological study to relate a pathogen widely studied in salmonids with a native fish.
Assuntos
Imunidade Adaptativa , Doenças dos Peixes/imunologia , Imunidade Inata , Perciformes/imunologia , Piscirickettsia/fisiologia , Infecções por Piscirickettsiaceae/veterinária , Animais , Regiões Antárticas , Chile , Trato Gastrointestinal/imunologia , Trato Gastrointestinal/microbiologia , Piscirickettsia/genética , Infecções por Piscirickettsiaceae/imunologia , Distribuição Aleatória , Baço/imunologia , Baço/microbiologia , Fatores de TempoAssuntos
Doenças dos Peixes/microbiologia , Ferro/metabolismo , Piscirickettsia/metabolismo , Sideróforos/biossíntese , Animais , Compostos Férricos/química , Nitratos/química , Oncorhynchus kisutch , Oncorhynchus mykiss , Piscirickettsia/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Infecções por Piscirickettsiaceae , Compostos de Amônio Quaternário/químicaRESUMO
Although Caligus rogercresseyi negatively impacts Chilean salmon farming, the metabolic effects of infection by this sea louse have never been completely characterized. Therefore, this study analyzed lactate responses in the plasma, as well as the liver/muscle lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and gene expression, in Salmo salar and Oncorhynchus kisutch infested by C. rogercresseyi. The lactate responses of Atlantic and Coho salmon were modified by the ectoparasite. Both salmon species showed increasing in plasma levels, whereas enzymatic activity increased in the muscle but decreased in the liver. Gene expression was overexpressed in both Coho salmon tissues but only in the liver for Atlantic salmon. These results suggest that salmonids need more energy to adapt to infection, resulting in increased gene expression, plasma levels, and enzyme activity in the muscles. The responses differed between both salmon species and over the course of infection, suggesting potential species-specific responses to sea-lice infection.
Assuntos
Copépodes/fisiologia , Ectoparasitoses/veterinária , Doenças dos Peixes/parasitologia , Ácido Láctico/metabolismo , Oncorhynchus kisutch/parasitologia , Salmo salar/parasitologia , Animais , Chile , Ectoparasitoses/parasitologia , Regulação Enzimológica da Expressão Gênica , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/metabolismo , Ácido Láctico/sangue , Fígado/enzimologia , Músculos/enzimologia , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
Resumen: OBJETIVO: determinar la correlación del triage por niveles de ingreso a urgencias y la reclasificación del triage de acuerdo con el diagnóstico de egreso de urgencias. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal, realizado en el Hospital Ángeles Clínica Londres, Ciudad de México. Se incluyeron pacientes mayores de 18 años que acudieron al servicio de urgencias de la Clínica Londres de enero a febrero de 2016. RESULTADOS: se incluyeron en el estudio 144 pacientes. Respecto a la frecuencia de niveles de ingreso se reportó clasificado en color naranja a 4% de los pacientes, en amarillo a 56%, en verde a 33%, en azul a 7%. Al egreso se clasificó en color rojo a 4%, en anaranjado a 22%, en amarillo a 28%, en verde a 21% y en azul a 25%. CONCLUSIONES: no existe correlación del triage de ingreso por niveles con la reclasificación triage de egreso hospitalario, con lo que se comprueba la hipótesis nula. De acuerdo con los niveles triage de ingreso y egreso encontramos una subclasificación de 100% del nivel I (rojo), 80% del nivel II (anaranjado), 50% del nivel III (amarillo), 37% del nivel IV (verde) y 72% del nivel V (azul).
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the correlation of triage by levels at entering to emergency room and the reclassification of triage according to the diagnosis of emergency discharge. MATERIAL AND METHOD: An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study, done at Hospital Angeles Clínica Londres, Mexico City. Patients older tan 18 years who assisted to the emergency room of Clinica Londres from January to February 2016 were included. RESULTS: There were included 144 patients. About the frequency of levels at entering 4% of patients were classified as orange color, 56% to yellow, 33 to green and 7% to blue. At discharge 4% was classified as red, 22% as orange, 28% as yellow, 21 as green and 25% as blue. CONCLUSIONS: There was no correlation of triage at entering by levels with reclassification of triage at discharge, with proves the null hypothesis. According to levels of triage at entering and discharge we found a subclassification of 100% of level I (red), 80% of level II (orange), 50% of level III (yellow), 37% of level IV (green) and 72% of level V (blue).
RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between dental fluorosis and maternal education in schoolchildren of medium and low socioeconomic status in a low income region of Mexico. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTINGS: Public schools in the south-central region of Oaxaca, Mexico where the mean fluoride water concentration was 1.01 mg/L (SD 0.21; range 0.71-1.40). Fluoridated salt (200mgF/kg) was available in the region. PARTICIPANTS: 794 schoolchildren. METHODS: To identify the socioeconomic status of the participants, the Bronfman index was used. Dental fluorosis was assessed applying the Thysltrup-Fejerskov Index, (TF). RESULTS: The children's mean age was 10.4 (SD1.2) years. The prevalence of dental fluorosis (TF⟩0) was high 95.7% and 45.2% of the children showed dental fluorosis of TF≥4. The percentage of children showing TF≥4 was 48.8% where their mothers' education was ⟨6 years of schooling compared to 36.7% among other children (p⟨0.001). The multinomial logistic regression model using as base outcome category TF≤2 showed that severe forms of fluorosis (TF≥4) were associated with the consumption of boiled water, (OR= 1.65, p=0.039) of fluoridated salt (OR= 2.61 p=0.001), high brushing frequency (OR=3.12, p=0.001) and lower maternal education (OR=1.71, p=0.007). CONCLUSIONS: A high prevalence of dental fluorosis was observed in the study region. An unequal burden of fluorosis in aesthetically objectionable categories was found in children exposed to several sources of fluoride and whose mother had lower educational level.
Assuntos
Fluorose Dentária/epidemiologia , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Fluoretação , Fluoretos , Humanos , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Fosfatos , Pobreza , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Cloreto de Sódio na DietaRESUMO
Piscirickettsia salmonis is the pathogen causing Piscirickettsiosis. For treatment, the industry mainly uses oxytetracycline and florfenicol, so it is essential to understand the degree of susceptibility of this pathogen to these drugs. But this is still unknown for a large number of P. salmonis strains, as are the molecular mechanisms responsible for greater or lesser susceptibility. However, genes that confer resistance to these antimicrobials have been reported and characterized for this and other bacterial species, among which are membrane proteins that take out the drug. Our results identified differences in the degree of susceptibility to both antibiotics among different Chilean isolated of these bacteria. We analysed 10 available genomes in our laboratory and identified ~140 genes likely to be involved in antibiotic resistance. We analysed six specific genes, which suggests that some of them would eventually be relevant in conferring resistance to both antibiotics, as they encode for specific transporter proteins, which increase the number of transcripts when grown in media with these antibiotics. Our results were corroborated with EtBr permeability analysis, which revealed that the LF-89 strain accumulates this compound and has a reduced capacity to expulse it compared with the field strains.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Doenças dos Peixes/microbiologia , Oxitetraciclina/farmacologia , Piscirickettsia/efeitos dos fármacos , Piscirickettsia/genética , Infecções por Piscirickettsiaceae/veterinária , Tianfenicol/análogos & derivados , Animais , Chile , Infecções por Piscirickettsiaceae/microbiologia , Tianfenicol/farmacologiaRESUMO
Se realizó un estudio cualitativo-descriptivo con el objetivo de analizar los factores contextuales que influyen en la participación comunitaria en actividades de ocio y tiempo libre en personas en situación de discapacidad de origen físico con edades comprendidas entre 30 y 59 años y que pertenecen al Departamento de la Discapacidad de Concepción, Chile. La muestra fue seleccionada a través de muestreo por conveniencia y estuvo conformada por cuatro participantes a los cuales se les realizó una entrevista abierta aplicada de manera individual, durante el período de Junio de 2016. Como conclusiones, la mayor participación comunitaria en actividades de ocio y tiempo libre de los y las entrevistados/as se encuentra en las actividades provenientes desde programas específicos para personas con discapacidad, en este caso desde el Departamento de la Discapacidad de Concepción, identificándose factores tanto ambientales como personales que influyen en la participación de estas actividades. En relación a los factores ambientales, más de la mitad de los y las entrevistados/as identificó: el espacio físico, el apoyo y relaciones y el clima, como factores influyentes en su participación en este tipo de actividades. En relación a los factores personales, más de la mitad de los y las entrevistados/as identificó: la motivación, el tiempo, los resultados de la experiencia y los factores asociados a la condiciónde salud, como factores influyentes en su participación en este tipo de actividades.
A qualitative descriptive study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the contextual factors that influence community participation in leisure activities and free time in persons with disabilities from physical aged between 30 and 59 years and belonging to the Department Disability Concepcion, Chile. The sample was selected by convenience sampling and consisted of four participants who underwent an open interview applied individually during the period of June 2016. In conclusion, the greater community participation in leisure activities and free time of respondents in the activities arising from specific programs for people with disabilities, in this case from the Department of Disability Concepcion, identifying both environmental and personal factors that influence participation of these activities. In relation to environmental factors, more than half of participants identified: physical space, support and relationships and climate, as factors influencing their participation in such activities. In relation to personal factors, more than half identified: motivation, time, results of the experience and the factors associated with the health condition as factors influencing their participation in such activities.