RESUMO
Emergency oral contraception is part of the sexual and reproductive rights of women. In 2001, this health policy was incorporated into the Rules of the National Family Planning Program of the Ministry of Health, primarily to prevent unwanted pregnancy and its serious consequences, induced abortion and the high associated maternal mortality rate, which are major public health problems. Scientific research has confirmed that the main mechanism of action of levonorgestrel, component of emergency oral contraception (EOC) is to inhibit or delay ovulation, preventing fertilization of the egg; additionally, it increases the thickening of the cervical mucus, making the sperm migration more difficult. No study has found endometrial abnormalities that may interfere with the implantation of the fertilized egg or embryo development of an implanted egg. However, despite the support of medical science and legal backing, the EOC is available only to users with economic resources, but its use has not been fully implemented in public sector services, due to obstacles created by groups opposed to contraception under claim of an alleged abortive effect that has already been ruled out scientifically. This article describes the administrative experience and legal confrontations between groups of power that prevent the proper implementation of an emergency contraception policy in Peru.
Assuntos
Anticoncepção Pós-Coito , Política Pública , Anticoncepção Pós-Coito/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Humanos , Peru , Política Pública/legislação & jurisprudênciaRESUMO
La anticoncepción oral de emergencia es parte del derecho sexual y reproductivo de la mujer. En el año 2001, esta política de salud fue incorporada en las Normas del Programa Nacional de Planificación Familiar del Ministerio de Salud, principalmente para prevenir el embarazo no deseado y sus graves consecuencias, el aborto inducido y la alta tasa de mortalidad materna que conlleva, los cuales constituyen importantes problemas de salud pública. La investigación científica ha confirmado que el principal mecanismo de acción del levonorgestrel, componente de la anticoncepción oral de emergencia (AOE), es inhibir o postergar la ovulación, evitando la fecundación del óvulo; adicionalmente incrementa el espesamiento del moco cervical que dificulta la migración espermática. Ningún estudio ha encontrado alteraciones endometriales que puedan interferir con la anidación del óvulo fecundado ni del desarrollo embrionario de un óvulo implantado. No obstante del soporte de la ciencia médica y del aval legal recibido, la AOE está disponible solo para usuarias con recursos económicos, pero su uso no se ha implementado plenamente en los servicios del sector público, debido a obstáculos generados por grupos opositores a la anticoncepción, aferrándose a un supuesto efecto abortivo que ha sido descartado científicamente. El presente artículo describe la experiencia administrativa y los enfrentamientos legales entre los grupos de poder que impiden la adecuada implementación de una política de anticoncepción oral de emergencia en el Perú.
Emergency oral contraception is part of the sexual and reproductive rights of women. In 2001, this health policy was incorporated into the Rules of the National Family Planning Program of the Ministry of Health, primarily to prevent unwanted pregnancy and its serious consequences, induced abortion and the high associated maternal mortality rate, which are major public health problems. Scientific research has confirmed that the main mechanism of action of levonorgestrel, component of emergency oral contraception (EOC) is to inhibit or delay ovulation, preventing fertilization of the egg; additionally, it increases the thickening of the cervical mucus, making the sperm migration more difficult. No study has found endometrial abnormalities that may interfere with the implantation of the fertilized egg or embryo development of an implanted egg. However, despite the support of medical science and legal backing, the EOC is available only to users with economic resources, but its use has not been fully implemented in public sector services, due to obstacles created by groups opposed to contraception under claim of an alleged abortive effect that has already been ruled out scientifically. This article describes the administrative experience and legal confrontations between groups of power that prevent the proper implementation of an emergency contraception policy in Peru.
Assuntos
Feminino , Humanos , Anticoncepção Pós-Coito , Política Pública , Anticoncepção Pós-Coito , Peru , Política Pública/legislação & jurisprudênciaRESUMO
We briefly revise the economic resources that the State allocated between the years 2000 and 2005, and their relationship with the production of research projects. In face of the few fiscal resources, innovations are proposed to the traditional research model, sustained in producing new products. Assuming it is possible to perform innovations in the process of producing a service or a product, which implies modifying the regional and national policies, driving the model proposed by P. Drucker of producing innovations with technology with T in capital letters, would on turn generate patents and social and economic profitability.
Assuntos
Pesquisa Biomédica/normas , Pesquisa Biomédica/economia , Pesquisa Biomédica/tendências , Apoio Financeiro , PeruRESUMO
Se revisa brevemente los recursos económicos que el Estado entre los años 2000 a 2005, y su relación con la producción de trabajos de investigación. Frente a los escasos recursos fiscales se propone innovaciones en el modelo tradicional de investigación sostenido en producir nuevos productos. Asumiendo que es posible realizar innovaciones en el proceso de producción de un servicio o de un producto, lo cual implica modificar las políticas regionales y nacionales impulsando el modelo planteado por P. Drucker de producir innovaciones con tecnología T mayúscula, lo cual generaría patentes y rentabilidad económica y social.
We briefly revise the economic resources that the State allocated between the years 2000 and 2005, and their relationship with the production of research projects. In face of the few fiscal resources, innovations are proposed to the traditional research model, sustained in producing new products. Assuming it is possible to perform innovations in the process of producing a service or a product, which implies modifying the regional and national policies, driving the model proposed by P. Drucker of producing innovations with technology with T in capital letters, would on turn generate patents and social and economic profitability.
Assuntos
Financiamento da Pesquisa , Pesquisa Científica e Desenvolvimento Tecnológico , PeruRESUMO
Objetivo: evaluar el efecto profiláctico antiemético de la combinación dexametasona metoclopramida en pacientes llevados a procedimientos otorrinolaringológicos. Materiales y Métodos: En este estudio doble ciego y placebo controlado, 208 pacientes ambulatorios anestesiados con una técnica anestésica convencional, fueron aleatorizados para recibir dexametasona 8 mg durante la inducción anestésica y metoclopramida, 10 mg al final de la cirugía (Grupo A), dexametasona, 8 mg durante la inducción anestésica y placebo al final de la cirugía (Grupo B), placebo durante la inducción anestésica y metoclopramida, 10 mg al final de la cirugía (Grupo C) o placebo durante la inducción anestésica y al final de la cirugía (Grupo D). La ausencia de vómito y de náusea moderada y no solicitud de administración de medicación antiemética de rescate, se consideraron componentes de la respuesta completa al tratamiento antiemético. Resultados: Durante el período pre-alta del hospital, el número de pacientes que experimentaron respuesta completa al tratamiento profiláctico fue significativamente mayor en los grupos B (90.4%) y A (86.5%) al compararlos con los grupos D (55.8%) y C (75%). A las 24 horas, la proporción de pacientes con una respuesta completa fue significativamente mayor en el grupo A (96.2%) en comparación con los grupo C (67.3%) y D (78.8%) y de igual forma en el grupo B (88%) en comparación con el grupo C (67.3%). Conclusiones: La combinación de dexametasona con metoclopramida no es significativamente más efectiva que la administración de dexametasona sola en la profilaxis de náusea y vómito postoperatorios.
Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prophylactic antiemetic effects of the combination dexamethasone metoclopramide in patients undergoing ear-nose-throat procedures. Materials and methods: In this placebo-controlled, double-blind study, 208 outpatients under standardized anesthetic were randomized to receive dexamethasone 8 mg before anesthesia induction and metoclopramide, 10 mg at the end of surgery (Group A), dexamethasone 8 mg before anesthesia induction and placebo at the end of surgery (Group B), placebo before anesthesia induction and metoclopramide, 10 mg at the end of surgery (Group C) or placebo before anesthesia induction and at the end of surgery (Group D). Complete response to prophylactic antiemetic medication was defined as no vomiting no sustained moderate nausea and no requesting of antiemetic drug. Results: During predischarge period, the number of patients with complete response to prophylactic antiemetic medication was significantly higher in groups B (90.4%) and A (86.5%) in comparison with groups D (55.8%) and C (75%). At the 24 h follow-up evaluation, complete response was higher in group A (96.2%) in comparison with groups C (67.3%) and D (78.8%). Conclusions: combination dexamethasone-metoclopramide is not more effective than administration of dexamethasone alone in the posoperative profylaxis of nausea and vomiting.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Dexametasona , Metoclopramida , Náusea , VômitoRESUMO
STUDY OBJECTIVE: To compare spinal anesthesia and combined sciatic-femoral nerve block for outpatient knee arthroscopy. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, controlled study. SETTING: Postoperative recovery area at a university-affiliated medical center. PATIENTS: 50 ASA physical status I and II adult outpatients undergoing arthroscopic knee surgery. INTERVENTIONS: Study subjects were equally divided (n = 25 each) into spinal and sciatic-femoral groups. Spinal group patients received spinal anesthesia with 7.5 mg of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine. Sciatic-femoral group patients received combined sciatic-femoral nerve blocks using a mixture of 20 mL of lidocaine 2% plus 20 mL of bupivacaine 0.5%. MEASUREMENTS: Times including that from arrival in the operating room to readiness for surgery, duration of surgery, recovery time, and patient satisfaction were recorded. Analgesia and occurrence of adverse events also were recorded. MAIN RESULTS: No significant differences between the two groups were found for any of the study measurements of recovery. After discharge, postoperative pain differed significantly between groups only at 6 hours (P < 0.002). Patient satisfaction was high with both techniques. CONCLUSIONS: Combined sciatic-femoral nerve block for outpatient arthroscopic knee surgery offers satisfactory anesthesia, with a clinical profile similar to that of low-dose spinal anesthesia. Sciatic-femoral nerve blocks are associated with significantly lower pain scores during the first 6 postoperative hours.
Assuntos
Raquianestesia , Artroscopia , Nervo Femoral , Articulação do Joelho/cirurgia , Bloqueio Nervoso/métodos , Nervo Isquiático , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Ambulatórios , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Dor Pós-Operatória/prevenção & controle , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Introducción: la prevalencia de bocio y cretinismo endémicos en sierra y selva ha sido reconocida a través de la historia del Perú, dado que la deficiencia natural de yodo es permanente, sin embargo recibió poca atención. Nuevas investigaciones a partir de los 60s demostraron la persistencia severa de la deficiencia y, principalmente, que la deficiencia de yodo es causa de daño cerebral, dando como resultado la creación de un programa para control de los desordénes por deficiencia de Iodo (DDI) en 1983. El programa se implementó de manera efectiva en 1986.Material y método: el plan de acción estratégico incluyó protección inmediata de la población en riesgo alto con aceite yodado e incremento progresivo en producción, calidad y consumo de sal yodada, al mismo tiempo que se desarrolló una red de trabajo nacional bien entrenada y motivada, con el apoyo de un intenso programa de comunicación, abogacía y mercadeo social, y un sistemático monitoreo del yodo en la sal y en la población. Resultados: desde 1995 la demanda poblacional de sal yodada está ampliamente cubierta y más de 90 por ciento de hogares consumen sal adecuadamente yodada desde 1998. Se ha normalizado la nutrición de yodo en la población, la media del yodo urinario, principal indicador, se ha mantenido sobre 100 μg/l desde 1995. La disminución significativa en prevalencia de bocio fue observada a seis años de iniciado el programa. Entre los factores para el éxito alcanzado destacan el sistema demonitoreo y vigilancia, el programa educativo promocional, el soporte permanente del MINSA y el apoyo de la industria salinera. Conclusiones: el Perú ha logrado la eliminación sostenida de DDI previniendo el daño cerebral en 600 mil recién nacidos cada año. El programa es reconocido como uno de los más exitosos a nivel mundial.
Introduction: Endemic goiter and cretinism in both highlands and Amazon jungle regions have been recognized in Peruvian history, because of the permanent natural iodine deficiency in these areas, and both conditions received little attention. New research studies initiated in the 60s proved the persistence of severe iodine deficiency, and also that this deficiency is a cause of preventable brain damage, so a program for controlling iodine deficiency disorders was created in 1983, and it was fully implemented in 1986. Material and method: The strategic action plan of the program included immediate protection of the population at high risk with the use of iodized oil and a progressive increase in production, quality and consumption of iodized salt. At the same time a well-trained and motivated national network was developed, with the support of an intensive communication program, advocacy and social marketing, and with systematic monitoring of the iodine contents in salt and iodine levels in the population. Results: Since 1995, the demand of iodized salt is well covered, and adequately iodized salt is consumed by more than 90 per cent of households since 1998. Currently, iodine nutritional levels are normal, and the median urinary iodine value, the best indicator of iodine levels, has stayed above 100 ìg/L since 1995. A significant decrease in the prevalence of goiter was already observed six years after the program started. Factors for this Program success include monitoring and surveillance systems, as well as effective communication and support from the Ministry of Health and the salt industry. Conclusions: Perú has succeeded in the sustained elimination of iodine deficiency disorders, preventing brain damage in six hundred thousand newborns each year. The control program has been recognized as one of the most successful of its kind all over the world.