RESUMO
The study of marine toxins in shellfish is of the utmost importance to ensure people's food safety. Marine toxins in shellfish and microalgae in the water column off the south-central coast of Chile (36°â43° S) were studied in a network of 64 stations over a 14-month period. The relative abundance of harmful species Alexandrium catenella, Alexandrium ostenfeldii, Protoceratium reticulatum, Dinophysis acuminata, Dinophysis acuta, Pseudo-nitzschia seriata group and P. delicatissima group was analyzed. The detection and quantification of lipophilic toxins and domoic acid (DA) in shellfish was determined by UHPLC-MS/MS, and for Paralytic Shellfish Toxins (PSTs) by HPLC-FD with post-column oxidation, while for a culture of A. ostenfeldii a Hylic-UHPLC-MS/MS was used. Results showed that DA, gonyautoxin (GTX)-2, GTX-3 and pectenotoxin (PTX)-2 were detected below the permitted limits, while Gymnodimine (GYM)-A and 13-desmethylespirolide C (SPX-1) were below the limit of quantitation. According to the distribution and abundance record of microalgae, DA would be associated to P. seriata and P. delicatissima-groups, PTX-2 to D. acuminata, and GTX-2, GTX-3, GYM-A, and SPX-1 to A. ostenfeldii. However, the toxin analysis of an A. ostenfeldii culture from the Biobío region only showed the presence of the paralytic toxins C2, GTX-2, GTX-3, GTX-5 and saxitoxin, therefore, the source of production of GYM and SPX is still undetermined.
Assuntos
Dinoflagellida , Compostos Heterocíclicos com 3 Anéis , Hidrocarbonetos Cíclicos , Iminas , Microalgas , Humanos , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Chile , Toxinas Marinhas/análise , Frutos do Mar/análise , Alimentos Marinhos/análiseRESUMO
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are organic compounds that resist biochemical degradation, moving long distances across the atmosphere before deposition occurs. Our goal was to provide up-to-date data on the levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) in breast milk from Chilean women and to estimate the exposure of infants due to breast milk consumption. In Chile, we conducted a cross-sectional study based on methodologies proposed by the WHO, with a sample of 30 women recruited from three defined areas: 10 from the Arica Region (urban; Arica and Parinacota Region), 10 from Coltauco (rural; O'Higgins Region), and 10 from Molina (40% rural; Maule Region). High-resolution gas chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS) was performed on pooled samples from each area. We calculated equivalent toxic concentrations (WHO-TEQ) based on the current WHO Toxic Equivalency Factors (TEF). The minimum and maximum values of ∑ PCDDs/Fs + DL-PCBs-TEQ were 4.317 pg TEQ/g fat in Coltauco and 6.31 pg TEQ/g fat in Arica. Molina had a total TEQ of 5.50 pg TEQ/g fat. The contribution of PCDD/Fs was approximately five-fold higher than that of DL-PCBs. The Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) of ∑ PCDDs/Fs + DL-PCBs based on the three pooled samples ranged between 6.71 and 26.28 pg TEQ/kg body weight (bw)/day, with a mean intake of 16.11 (±6.71) pg TEQ/kg bw/day in breastfed children from 0 to 24 months old. These levels were lower than those reported in international studies. Despite the fact that the observed levels were low compared to those in most industrialized countries, the detection of a variety of POPs in breast milk from Chilean women indicates the need for follow-up studies to determine whether such exposures during childhood could represent a health risk in adulthood.
Assuntos
Benzofuranos , Dioxinas , Bifenilos Policlorados , Dibenzodioxinas Policloradas , Adulto , Animais , Benzofuranos/análise , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Chile , Estudos Transversais , Dibenzofuranos , Dioxinas/análise , Feminino , Furanos , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Leite Humano/química , Projetos Piloto , Bifenilos Policlorados/análise , Dibenzodioxinas Policloradas/análiseRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Describe the results of the Program for the Rational Use of Antimicrobials at Mexico's Juárez Hospital. METHODS: An observational, cross-sectional, retrospective, descriptive study was designed. For the consumption of antimicrobial agents, data from January 2013 to December 2018 were analyzed by calculating the defined daily dose (DDD). For the cost analysis, a traditional costing calculation was used. RESULTS: For the group of carbapenem agents, there was a sizeable reduction in the consumption of imipenem / cilastatin: the DDD declined from 2.3 in 2013 to 0.7 in 2018, a decrease of 70%. By contrast, for the other two agents, increases were observed. The consumption of meropenem increased by 2% (from 2.4 in 2013 to 2.5 in 2018); the consumption of ertapenem increased by 75% (from 1 in 2013 to 1.8 in 2018). The total expenditure on antimicrobial agents was USD 930 556.46 during 2013, compared to USD 856 079.10 during 2018, representing a difference of 8% or USD 74 905.61 of the total expenditure. CONCLUSIONS: Programs for the rational use of antimicrobials need to be evaluated continuously, by monitoring both consumption of agents by patients and related institutional expenditures.
OBJETIVO: Descrever os resultados do Programa para o Uso Racional de Antimicrobianos no Hospital Juárez de México. MÉTODOS: Elaboramos um estudo observacional, transversal, retrospectivo e descritivo. Analisamos o consumo de antimicrobianos de janeiro de 2013 a dezembro de 2018 pelo cálculo da dose diária definida (DDD); para a análise de custos, realizamos um cálculo de custos tradicional. RESULTADOS: No grupo dos carbapenens, a redução do consumo de imipenem/cilastatina foi notável: passou-se de uma DDD de 2,3 em 2013 para 0,7 em 2018, uma redução de 70%. Por outro lado, observou-se um aumento no uso dos dois outros medicamentos: no caso do meropenem, foi registrado um aumento de 2% (de 2,4 em 2013 a 2,5 em 2018); no consumo de ertapenem o aumento foi de 75% (de 1 em 2013 a 1,8 em 2018). No total, as despesas com antimicrobianos foram de USD 930 556,46 em 2013 e de USD 856 079,10 em 2018, uma diferença de 8%, o que equivale a uma redução de USD 74 905,61 nas despesas totais. CONCLUSÕES: É necessário avaliar continuamente os programas para o uso racional de antimicrobianos pelo monitoramento do consumo e das despesas derivadas.
RESUMO
[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Describir los resultados del Programa de Uso Racional de Antimicrobianos en el Hospital Juárez de México. Métodos. Se diseñó un estudio de tipo observacional, transversal, retrospectivo y descriptivo. Se analizó el consumo de antimicrobianos de enero de 2013 a diciembre de 2018 a través del cálculo de la dosis diaria definida (DDD); para el análisis de costos se realizó un cálculo de costeo tradicional. Resultados. En el grupo de los carbapenémicos, es notable la reducción en el consumo de imipenem/cilastina: se pasó de una DDD en el 2013 de 2,3 a 0,7 en el 2018, con una reducción de 70%. En cambio, en los otros dos fármacos, se ha observado un incremento. En meropenem se registró de 2% (de 2,4 en 2013 a 2,5 en 2018); en el consumo de ertapenem el incremento es de 75% (de 1 en 2013 a 1,8 en 2018). En total, el gasto de antimicrobianos durante 2013 fue de $930 556,46, mientras que en 2018 fue de $856 079,10, con una diferencia de 8%, lo que equivale a $74 905,61 del gasto total (los valores se expresan en dólares estadounidenses). Conclusiones. Se necesita evaluar de manera constante los programas para el uso racional de antimicrobianos, mediante el monitoreo del consumo y el gasto derivado.
[ABSTRACT]. Objective. Describe the results of the Program for the Rational Use of Antimicrobials at Mexico’s Juárez Hospital. Methods. An observational, cross-sectional, retrospective, descriptive study was designed. For the consumption of antimicrobial agents, data from January 2013 to December 2018 were analyzed by calculating the defined daily dose (DDD). For the cost analysis, a traditional costing calculation was used. Results. For the group of carbapenem agents, there was a sizeable reduction in the consumption of imipenem / cilastatin: the DDD declined from 2.3 in 2013 to 0.7 in 2018, a decrease of 70%. By contrast, for the other two agents, increases were observed. The consumption of meropenem increased by 2% (from 2.4 in 2013 to 2.5 in 2018); the consumption of ertapenem increased by 75% (from 1 in 2013 to 1.8 in 2018). The total expenditure on antimicrobial agents was USD 930 556.46 during 2013, compared to USD 856 079.10 during 2018, representing a difference of 8% or USD 74 905.61 of the total expenditure. Conclusions. Programs for the rational use of antimicrobials need to be evaluated continuously, by monitoring both consumption of agents by patients and related institutional expenditures.
[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Descrever os resultados do Programa para o Uso Racional de Antimicrobianos no Hospital Juárez de México. Métodos. Elaboramos um estudo observacional, transversal, retrospectivo e descritivo. Analisamos o consumo de antimicrobianos de janeiro de 2013 a dezembro de 2018 pelo cálculo da dose diária definida (DDD); para a análise de custos, realizamos um cálculo de custos tradicional. Resultados. No grupo dos carbapenens, a redução do consumo de imipenem/cilastatina foi notável: passou-se de uma DDD de 2,3 em 2013 para 0,7 em 2018, uma redução de 70%. Por outro lado, observou-se um aumento no uso dos dois outros medicamentos: no caso do meropenem, foi registrado um aumento de 2% (de 2,4 em 2013 a 2,5 em 2018); no consumo de ertapenem o aumento foi de 75% (de 1 em 2013 a 1,8 em 2018). No total, as despesas com antimicrobianos foram de USD 930 556,46 em 2013 e de USD 856 079,10 em 2018, uma diferença de 8%, o que equivale a uma redução de USD 74 905,61 nas despesas totais. Conclusões. É necessário avaliar continuamente os programas para o uso racional de antimicrobianos pelo monitoramento do consumo e das despesas derivadas.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos , Farmacoepidemiologia , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , México , Anti-Infecciosos , Farmacoepidemiologia , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , México , Anti-Infecciosos , Farmacoepidemiologia , Resistência Microbiana a MedicamentosRESUMO
Biomineralization is a highly regulated process where proteins/peptides-crystal interactions contribute to the shaping, phasing and aggregation of minerals. We have identified and synthesized a cementum attachment protein-derived peptide (CAP-pi), which corresponds to amino acids 40-53 of the N-terminal CAP domain (MASSDEDGTNGGAS) and its phosphorylated variant (MASpSpDEDGTNGGASp) (CAP-pip). The peptide is composed of polar and negatively charged amino acids, which are disordered, according to in silico analysis. Our results show that CAP-pi inhibits hydroxyapatite (HA) formation and growth. However, it possesses low capacity to inhibit calcium oxalate crystal growth. CAP-pip showed a stronger inhibitory effect on the formation and growth of HA. As well as a high capacity to inhibit calcium oxalate monohydrate growth, mainly due to adsorption on specific growth faces. Small peptides have many advantages over the full-size protein, including low-cost production and modulation characteristics that allow for structural changes. Our findings suggest that CAP-pip-derived peptide could possess therapeutic potential to prevent or treat pathological calcifications such as renal stones and vascular calcification.
Assuntos
Biomineralização/efeitos dos fármacos , Durapatita/química , Peptídeos/farmacologia , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Dicroísmo Circular , Cristalização , Humanos , Peptídeos/química , Peptídeos/genética , FosforilaçãoRESUMO
The interaction of progesterone with beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) was studied by differential pulse polarography. The aim of the present work was to study the effect of beta-CD on the electrochemical behavior of progesterone in aqueous solution and also to analyze the molecular interactions involved in formation of the inclusion complex. The complex with stoichiometry of 1:1 was thermodynamically characterized. In addition, steered molecular dynamics (SMD) was used to investigate the energetic properties of formation of the inclusion complex along four different pathways (reaction coordinates), considering two possible orientations. From multiple trajectories along these pathways, the potentials of mean force for formation of the beta-CD progesterone inclusion complex were calculated. The energy analysis was in good agreement with the experimental results. In the beta-CD progesterone inclusion complex, a large portion of the steroid skeleton is included in the beta-CD cavity. The lowest energy was found when the D-ring of the guest molecule is located near the secondary hydroxyls of the beta-CD cavity. In the most probable orientation, one intermolecular hydrogen bond is formed between the O of the C-20 keto group of the progesterone and a secondary hydroxyl of the beta-CD.
Assuntos
Eletroquímica/métodos , Progesterona/química , beta-Ciclodextrinas/química , Físico-Química/métodos , Simulação por Computador , Difusão , Ligação de Hidrogênio , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Cinética , Modelos Químicos , Modelos Moleculares , Conformação Molecular , Estrutura Molecular , Temperatura , TermodinâmicaRESUMO
La cefalea es un motivo frecuente de consulta en niños y adolescentes. Los factores psicológicos influyen en la evolución sintomática y han sido abordados desde distintos puntos de vista según los diversos modelos teóricos. Para realizar diagnóstico de cefalea se debe objetivar evolución, frecuencia, intensidad, horario y duración, localización, características del dolor, síntomas asociados, factores desencadenantes, antecedentes familiares y antecedentes personales. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las variables psicológicas y sociales en pacientes que consultan en la Unidad de Cefalea del Servicio de Neurología Infantil del Hospital San Juan de Dios. Los pacientes fueron evaluados mediante una encuesta diseñada por el equipo, que incluyó las variables psicológicas a estudiar: características personales, disfunción y conflictos familiares, violencia intrafamiliar y problemas en el ámbito escolar. Se caracterizó el nivel socioeconómico mediante escala de Graffar. Los pacientes con cefalea evaluados se presentaron con mayor frecuencia en sexo femenino. Se encontró frecuentemente alteración de las variables psicológicas estudiadas. Al plantear el tratamiento, hay diversas modalidades de intervención, así se realizó manejo familiar y/o individual. La inclusión de variables psicosociales, parecen ser útiles tanto en la evaluación como en el posterior diseño de estrategias de intervención que apoyen el tratamiento de estos pacientes.
Headache is a frequent symptom in children and adolescents. Psychological variables affect the clinical evolution and they have been approached from different theoretical models. Headache diagnosis requires specifying course, frequency, intensity, duration, localization, associated symptoms, family and personal history. The aims of this study were to evaluate the psychological and social variables in outpatients consulting the Headache Unit in Neurology Pediatric Service of Hospital San Juan de Dios. The patients were assessed with a structured questionnaire designed for this purpose and socioeconomic status was evaluated with Graffar scale. The patients of our sample were mainly females. The psychological variables were frequently present in all patients. There are different treatments for this kind of pathology; we chose family and/or individual interventions depending on the case. This approach seems to be useful both to proper assessment and treatment strategies for these patients.