RESUMO
There are very few studies which have considered perception temporality when relating perceived intensity and hedonic responses in relation to body mass index (BMI; kg/cm2). The aim of the present study was to determine the relationship between BMI with the dynamic perception and liking of bitter tasting solutions. For this purpose, two different categories of bitter products were applied: 6-n-propilthiouracil (PROP) solutions (0.010, 0.032 and 0.060â¯mmol/L) and commercial beverages (coffee, yerba mate infusion and grapefruit juice). The proposed methodology to evaluate perception and hedonic response was based on the measurement of reaction-time (R-T) and multiple-sip time-intensity (T-I) registers in people with a high BMI (25â¯<â¯BMIâ¯<â¯30; overweight group) and a normal BMI (<25; normal-weight control group). The multiple-sip evaluation to describe perception of PROP solutions and liking of beverages was used as a more ecologically valid laboratory methodology to simulate a situation of usual consumption. In this sense, working with a multiple-sip design helped confirm that bitter taste has a cumulative effect since in every case the sip effect was significant when evaluating the maximum intensity; this effect was more important as the bitterness increased. Regarding the body weight group comparisons, the normal BMI group perceived bitter taste more intensely and the time to react to it was shorter (faster reaction) for both PROP solutions and the three beverages. Interestingly, even though the high BMI group rated the bitter taste as less intense, they had a lower level of acceptance than normal BMI. This result suggests that the hedonic rather than the sensory component might be playing a crucial role in the perception of bitter taste in individuals with high BMI.
Assuntos
Índice de Massa Corporal , Preferências Alimentares , Obesidade/parasitologia , Tempo de Reação , Percepção Gustatória , Paladar , Adolescente , Adulto , Café , Feminino , Sucos de Frutas e Vegetais , Humanos , Ilex paraguariensis , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Obesidade/fisiopatologia , Filosofia , Propiltiouracila/administração & dosagem , Fatores de Tempo , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Apple consumers' expectations in Argentina and France were studied by comment analysis of open-ended questions. In an on-line survey consumers stated: attributes which defined quality in an apple; visual, flavor and texture characteristics they liked/did not like to find in an apple. Influence of country, consumption frequency and cultivar knowledge were analyzed by contingency tables, Chi-square per cell tests and Multiple Factor Analysis. Consumers' quality expectations were not the same in both countries. Argentineans and French consumers agreed that quality apples should be juicy (most used term in both countries), tasty, firm and fresh. However, for Argentineans quality was more related to visual characteristics, whereas for French it was driven by flavor. Argentineans used more words but French were more specific, particularly for flavour description. Moreover, frequency of consumption, varieties knowledge and the number of terms given were highly related. Frequent consumers knew more varieties and were more prolific in relation to flavour. Less frequent consumers knew fewer apple varieties and gave more words in the visual category. The use of comment analysis allowed identifying the terms that consumers used in their day to day life to describe apples, finding separately likes and dislikes, in spite of the different languages.
Assuntos
Comportamento do Consumidor , Comparação Transcultural , Preferências Alimentares , Qualidade dos Alimentos , Frutas , Malus , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Argentina , Coleta de Dados , Feminino , França , Humanos , Idioma , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Especificidade da Espécie , Inquéritos e Questionários , Paladar , Terminologia como Assunto , Visão Ocular , Adulto JovemRESUMO
In this work, a simplified method is used to estimate the growth of Staphylococcus aureus in a pasteurized meat product left for several hours at environmental temperatures (diurnal time) in warm climates of different cities in Argentina. Hourly temperature data for a warm January (the hottest month of the year) day, and literature data on the kinetics of S. aureus growth inoculated in a pasteurized meat product were used for calculations. As shown by results, if a cooked meat product is left exposed to environmental temperature at diurnal time, predictions made when using a constant temperature value (i.e. average daily) may not be accurate. Growth estimations in contaminated food left under ambient conditions during diurnal time, should consider the changing environmental temperature for correct results.
En este trabajo se utiliza un método simplificado para predecir el crecimiento de Staphylococcus aureus en un producto cárnico pasteurizado dejado por varias horas a temperatura ambiente diurna en zonas de clima cálido. En la predicción, se utilizaron datos de la temperatura horaria para un día caluroso típico de enero (mes más caliente del año) en varias ciudades de la Argentina y datos de la literatura sobre tiempos de generación y tiempo lag de la bacteria inoculada en un producto cárnico pasteurizado. Los resultados indicaron que cuando el producto se deja a temperatura ambiente diurna durante varias horas, no se debe utilizar para la predicción un valor de temperatura promedio (ej.: temperatura media diaria), sino que hay que tener en cuenta la evolución de este parámetro a lo largo del período considerado.
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Produtos da Carne/microbiologia , Staphylococcus aureus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Temperatura , Altitude , Argentina , Clima , Culinária , Conservação de Alimentos , Modelos Biológicos , Saúde da População UrbanaRESUMO
In this work, a simplified method is used to estimate the growth of Staphylococcus aureus in a pasteurized meat product left for several hours at environmental temperatures (diurnal time) in warm climates of different cities in Argentina. Hourly temperature data for a warm January (the hottest month of the year) day, and literature data on the kinetics of S. aureus growth inoculated in a pasteurized meat product were used for calculations. As shown by results, if a cooked meat product is left exposed to environmental temperature at diurnal time, predictions made when using a constant temperature value (i.e. average daily) may not be accurate. Growth estimations in contaminated food left under ambient conditions during diurnal time, should consider the changing environmental temperature for correct results.
Assuntos
Produtos da Carne/microbiologia , Staphylococcus aureus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Temperatura , Altitude , Animais , Argentina , Bovinos , Clima , Culinária , Conservação de Alimentos , Modelos Biológicos , Saúde da População UrbanaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: A study of the intrafamilial transmission of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and its relationship with the viral replication and epidemiological factors. METHODS: The intrafamilial transmission of 106 chronic carriers of HBV was evaluated: 79 were asymptomatic carriers (AC) and 27 had chronic liver disease (CLD). Overall 347 relatives of the first group individuals and 112 of the second group were investigated. In the index cases, all HBV markers were investigated, and also DNA-HBV in those with CLD. In the relatives, HBsAg, HBsAc and HBcAc were investigated. Also, a survey to evaluate the influence of socioeconomic and cultural factors was also carried out. RESULTS: The prevalence of markers was significantly higher in the relatives of patients with CLD (HBcAg, HBcAc and evidence of contact) followed by AC and controls. The most infective relation in AC was that of other contacts with significant differences from the mother-child relationship (HBsAc p less than 0.003, HBcAc p less than 0.01, and evidence of contact p less than 0.001). By contrast, in CLD the most infective relation was mother-child. The mother-child relation was more infective than the father-child one (HBsAg p less than 0.05, HBcAc p less than 0.03, and evidence of contact p less than 0.02). Regarding viral replication, it was found that the HBeAg and DNA positive patients were more infective. The prevalence of HBcAc and the evidence of contact increased with the time of living together of spouses. Finally, it can be stated in a general sense that, according to the results of the survey, the socioeconomic factors have a small influence on the familial transmission. CONCLUSIONS: The relatives of HBV carriers, particularly in the case of HC with high replication, have a high risk of transmission. Thus, their investigation and subsequent vaccination is mandatory.