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BACKGROUND: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the world experienced social distancing that resulted in changes in habits and lifestyle. Such changes can compromise healthy eating habits and the practice of physical activities, known risk factors for developing weight gain and obesity. OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this study was to describe the change in eating habits, lifestyle, and cognition of the population of Rio Grande do Sul, a state in Southern Brazil, during social distancing due to COVID-19. METHODS: The study was conducted from July 21 to August 10, 2020, through a structured online questionnaire that asked for sociodemographic information (age, gender, and education), anthropometric (reported weight and height), change in eating habits, lifestyle (sleep quality and physical activity), and cognition. Chi-square, McNemar tests, and univariate and multivariate analysis were used to evaluate the variables. Confidence intervals were calculated with a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: Of a total of 1072 participants, 57.3% of respondents reported weight gain, and an increased percentage of people were classified as obese. Nearly half of the participants (46%) reported changes in their eating habits for the worse. Body mass index (BMI) was significantly associated with increased consumption of unhealthy foods. Our results identified high physical inactivity (46.9%) and obesity (19%) during social distancing. The changes in eating habits and lifestyle also increased the risk for decreased cognition. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlighted that social distancing impacted eating habits and lifestyle, which increased obesity rates and might predispose to decreased cognition.

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Resumo Introdução: O número de refeições/dia tem sido associado a uma alimentação saudável, mas há controvérsias sobre a direção dessa associação. A orientação nutricional, estratégia essencial para construção de estilos de vida saudáveis na população atendida pela Estratégia Saúde da Família, pode ser fundamental nessa relação. Objetivo: Verificar se o consumo regular de marcadores alimentares está associado ao número de refeições diárias e ao recebimento de orientação nutricional. Método: Estudo transversal realizado com usuários da Estratégia Saúde da Família de um município gaúcho. Consumo regular de marcadores alimentares e características nutricionais (número de refeições/dia e recebimento de orientação nutricional) foram avaliados por aplicação de questionário. A associação entre características nutricionais e consumo regular de marcadores alimentares foi analisada utilizando-se regressão de Poisson. Resultados: Dos 529 indivíduos analisados, 2/3 referiram realizar de três a quatro refeições/dia e 30% afirmaram ter recebido orientação nutricional. A frequência de consumo regular de marcadores alimentares variou de 1,7% para frituras a quase 60% para feijão. Indivíduos que receberam orientação nutricional apresentaram menor prevalência de consumo regular de doces e refrigerantes (RP=0,64; IC95% 0,43-0,97). Número de refeições/dia foi positivamente associado ao consumo de lácteos; frutas e hortaliças; frituras, embutidos e salgados. Para os dois últimos grupos, observou-se associação apenas para quem não recebeu orientação nutricional. Conclusões: Os resultados sugerem que consumo regular de marcadores alimentares se associa com recebimento de orientação nutricional e número de refeições.

Abstract Background: The number of meals/day has been associated with a healthy diet, but there are controversies about the direction of this association. Nutritional counseling, an essential strategy for building healthy lifestyles in the population served by the Family Health Strategy (FHS), can be fundamental in this relationship. Objective: To verify whether the regular consumption of food markers is associated with the number of daily meals eaten and receiving nutritional counseling. Method: Cross-sectional study carried out with users of the Family Health Strategy in a city in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Regular consumption of food markers and nutritional characteristics (number of meals/day and receiving nutritional counseling) were assessed by applying a questionnaire. The association between nutritional characteristics and regular consumption of food markers was analyzed using Poisson regression. Results: Of the 529 individuals analyzed, 2/3 reported having three to four meals/day and 30% stated they had received nutritional counseling. The frequency of regular consumption of food markers ranged from 1.7% for fried foods to almost 60% for beans. Individuals who received nutritional counseling had a lower prevalence of regular consumption of sweets and soft drinks (PR=0.64; 95%CI 0.43-0.97). Number of meals/day was positively associated with dairy consumption; fruits and vegetables; fried foods, sausages and pastries. For the last two groups, an association was observed only for those who did not receive nutritional counseling. Conclusions: The results suggest that regular consumption of food markers is associated with receiving nutritional counseling and number of meals.

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Introdução: O Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira aborda a compreensão e superação de potenciais obstáculos para a adoção de uma alimentação saudável, entre eles, custo dos alimentos e tempo. Objetivo: Investigar a ocorrência de tempo e custo enquanto obstáculos para uma alimentação adequada e saudável e sua associação com fatores demográficos e socioeconômicos em universitários. Método: Estudo transversal realizado de abril a maio de 2019. Os desfechos avaliados foram custo e tempo. As variáveis de exposição foram sexo, idade, composição de moradia, trabalho remunerado, classe econômica e turno de estudo. Resultados: Participaram da pesquisa 207 estudantes. Sobre o custo dos alimentos, 76,3% já deixaram de comprar frutas, verduras e/ou legumes devido ao preço. Em relação ao tempo, 69,9% já deixaram de preparar alguma refeição por falta de tempo. Custo se associou com sexo masculino, idade igual ou superior a 30 anos, morar com amigos, estudar no período noturno e/ou estar na classe econômica mais baixa; já tempo se associou com sexo masculino, idade inferior a 30 anos, morar sozinho, estudar no período diurno/integral e/ou não trabalhar. Conclusão: Grande proporção dos universitários enfrenta dificuldades, relativas a tempo e custo dos alimentos, para ter uma alimentação adequada e saudável.

Introduction: The Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population addresses the understanding and overcoming of potential obstacles to adopting a healthy diet, including food costs and time. Objective: To investigate the occurrence of time and cost as obstacles to adequate and healthy eating and its association with demographic and socioeconomic factors in university students. Method: Cross-sectional study carried out from April to May 2019. The evaluated outcomes were cost and time. Exposure variables were sex, age, household composition, paid work, economic class and study shift. Results: 207 students participated in the research. Regarding the cost of food, 76.3% have already stopped buying fruits and/or vegetables due to the price. Regarding time, 69.9% have already stopped preparing a meal due to lack of time. Cost was associated with male gender, age equal to or greater than 30 years, living with friends, studying at night and/or being in the lowest economic class; time has been associated with being male, younger than 30 years old, living alone, studying daytime/full time and/or not working. Conclusion: A large proportion of university students face difficulties, related to time and food costs, to have a proper and healthy diet.

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O Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira aborda orientações para uma alimentação adequada e saudável, incluindo recomendações sobre o ato de comer e a comensalidade. Ao ingressar na vida universitária, os estudantes tendem a modificar sua rotina, o que contribui para a realização de refeições rápidas, sem horários regulares e inadequadas do ponto de vista nutricional. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar práticas de comensalidade e fatores associados em ingressantes de uma universidade pública do Rio Grande do Sul. Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado em 2019. O desfecho constituiu-se da orientação do Guia sobre comer em companhia e participação nas atividades que envolvem a alimentação. As variáveis de exposição investigadas foram sexo, idade, composição de moradia, trabalho remunerado, classe econômica e turno na universidade. Dos 207 participantes, 83,9% e 62,4% informaram que costumam realizar almoço e jantar em companhia, respectivamente. A maior parte dos estudantes participa "às vezes" do planejamento (49,8%) e da preparação de refeições (50,5%), e "sempre" participam da compra de alimentos (51,2%) e limpeza de utensílios e ambiente (62,8%). Além disso, a maioria dos estudantes de 30 anos ou mais informou que costuma realizar o café da manhã em companhia (p=0,010), enquanto estudantes que moram com familiares são os que mais realizam as três refeições acompanhados (p<0,05). Houve maior frequência de mulheres que participam do planejamento (p=0,012) e da preparação de refeições (p=0,002). Conclui-se que, de maneira geral, os estudantes praticam a comensalidade, com maior ocorrência entre aqueles que residem com familiares.

The Food Guide for the Brazilian Population addresses guidelines for an adequate and healthy diet, including recommendations on the act of eating and commensality. When entering university life, students tend to change their routine, which contributes to having quick, irregularly scheduled, and nutritionally inadequate meals. The aim of the present study was to investigate commensality practices and associated factors in newcomers to a public university in Rio Grande do Sul. This is a cross-sectional study carried out in 2019. The outcome consisted of the Guide's direction on eating in with others and participation in activities involving food. The exposure variables investigated were sex, age, housing composition, paid work, economic class, and university study period. Of the 207 participants, 83.9% and 62.4% reported that they usually have lunch and dinner together, respectively. Most students participate "sometimes" in planning (49.8%) and preparing meals (50.5%), and "always" participate in buying food (51.2%) and cleaning utensils and environment (62.8%). In addition, most students aged 30 years or older reported that they usually have breakfast together (p=0.010), while students who live with family members are the ones who most eat the three meals together (p<0.05). There was a higher frequency of women participating in planning (p=0.012) and meal preparation (p=0.002). It is concluded that, in general, students practice commensality, with a higher occurrence among those who live with family members.

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O desenvolvimento de habilidades culinárias tem sido apontado como importante fator associado à melhor qualidade da alimentação e a diminuição da transmissão dessas habilidades entre gerações tem favorecido o maior consumo de produtos ultraprocessados. No entanto, ainda há escassez de estudos que avaliem as habilidades culinárias da população brasileira, e se ressalta que, até o momento, não foram encontrados estudos no Brasil que tenham avaliado tais habilidades em adolescentes. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a associação entre habilidades culinárias autopercebidas e qualidade do consumo alimentar de adolescentes. Trata-se de um estudo transversal com adolescentes da rede pública de ensino de Itaqui/RS. Foram investigadas variáveis demográficas e socioeconômicas, habilidades culinárias autopercebidas e frequência semanal de 22 itens alimentares, a qual deu origem ao índice de qualidade do consumo alimentar. As médias (DP) do índice de qualidade do consumo alimentar, de acordo com as habilidades culinárias autopercebidas, foram calculadas para toda a amostra e estratificadas por sexo, utilizando-se teste ANOVA ou Mann-Whitney. Calcularam-se IC95% e o nível de significância considerado foi de 5%. Observaram-se maiores médias (DP) do índice de qualidade do consumo alimentar entre adolescentes do sexo feminino que relataram saber "escolher os alimentos" [59,99 (9,43)] (p=0,027), "temperar" [60,53 (9,58)] (p=0,0109), e "combinar ingredientes ou preparações" [61,14 (9,64)] (p=0,0051). Já no sexo masculino, maior média (DP) do índice de qualidade do consumo alimentar foi observada entre adolescentes que referiram saber "lavar, descascar, cortar ou medir ingredientes" [(62,16 (10,69)] (p=0,0012). Ainda, observou-se associação positiva do índice de qualidade do consumo alimentar com número de habilidades culinárias autopercebidas no sexo feminino (p de tendência=0,003). Este estudo evidenciou que maior número de habilidades culinárias autopercebidas pode estar associado a melhor qualidade no consumo alimentar de adolescentes.

The development of culinary skills has been identified as an important factor associated with better food quality, and the reduction in the transmission of these skills between generations has favored a greater consumption of ultra-processed products. However, there is still a lack of studies that assess the culinary skills of the Brazilian population, and it is noteworthy that, so far, no studies have been found in Brazil that have evaluated such skills in adolescents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between self-perceived culinary skills and the quality of food consumption in adolescents. This is a cross-sectional study with adolescents from public schools in Itaqui, RS. Demographic and socioeconomic variables, self-perceived cooking skills, and weekly frequency of 22 food items were investigated, which gave rise to the food consumption quality index. Means (SD) of the food consumption quality index, according to self-perceived cooking skills, were calculated for the entire sample and stratified by sex, using ANOVA or Mann- Whitney test. The 95%CI was calculated, and the significance level considered was 5%. Higher means (SD) of the food consumption quality index were observed among female adolescents who reported knowing how to "choose foods" [59.99 (9.43)] (p=0.027), "seasoning" [60, 53 (9.58)] (p=0.0109), and "combining ingredients or preparations" [61.14 (9.64)] (p=0.0051). Among males, the highest mean (SD) of the food consumption quality index was observed among adolescents who reported knowing how to "wash, peel, cut or measure ingredients" [(62.16 (10.69)] (p=0.0012). Furthermore, there was a positive association between the index of food consumption quality and the number of self-perceived culinary skills in females (p trend =0.003). This study showed that a greater number of self-perceived culiunary skills may be associated with better quality in adolescent food consumption.

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OBJECTIVE: to describe the food intake among individuals with high blood pressure and diabetes in a municipality in the south of Brazil. METHODS: a cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in Nova Boa Vista-RS, Brazil, from June to September 2013; food intake was collected from the questionnaire of the Food and Nutrition Surveillance System (SISVAN) and from an adaptation based on the 2008 Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population. RESULTS: 422 individuals were included in the study (≥18 years old); the food that presented the highest recommended intake frequencies were raw salad (60.7%), fruits (73.0%), dairy products (61.4%), fried food (57.3%), snacks (66.4%) and soft drinks (76.3%); processed meat and sweets presented the highest non-recommended intake frequencies, with 34.8 and 23.9%, respectively. CONCLUSION: food intake among the population studied seems to be in accordance to the recommended frequencies, especially among women.

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OBJETIVO: descrever o consumo alimentar em uma população de hipertensos e diabéticos de uma cidade do sul do Brasil. MÉTODOS: estudo transversal descritivo, realizado na cidade de Nova Boa Vista-RS, Brasil, entre junho e setembro de 2013; dados sobre consumo alimentar foram coletados utilizando-se o questionário do Sistema de Vigilância Alimentar e Nutricional (SISVAN), a adequação foi baseada no Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira de 2008. RESULTADOS: foram incluídos 422 participantes (≥18 anos de idade); os alimentos que tiveram maior frequência de consumo recomendada foram salada crua (60,7%), frutas (73,0%), lácteos (61,4%), frituras (57,3%), salgados (66,4%) e refrigerantes (76,3%); embutidos e doces foram os alimentos que tiveram maior frequência de consumo não recomendado, 34,8% e 23,9% respectivamente; a prevalência de consumo semanal recomendado de frutas foi 19% maior entre mulheres (p=0,004). CONCLUSÃO: o consumo alimentar na população do estudo parece estar de acordo com as frequências recomendadas, especialmente entre mulheres.

OBJETIVO: describir el consumo de alimentos en una población de pacientes hipertensos y diabéticos de una ciudad en el sur de Brasil. MÉTODOS: estudio descriptivo transversal realizado en la ciudad de Nova Boa Vista-RS, Brasil, entre junio y septiembre de 2013; el consumo de alimentos se recogió a través del cuestionário del Sistema de Vigilancia Alimentaria y Nutricional (SISVAN) y la adecuación fue basada en la Guía de alimentos para la población brasileña. RESULTADOS: el estudio evaluó 422 hipertensiva y/o diabética; los alimentos con mayor frecuencia de consumo dentro de las recomendaciones fueron ensalada cruda (60,7%), frutas (73,0%), leche (61,4%), así como alimentos fritos (57,3%), bocadillos (66,4%) y soda (76,3%); salchichas y los dulces eran los alimentos que tenían una mayor frecuencia de consumo no recomendada, 34,8 y 23,9% respectivamente. CONCLUSIÓN: las mujeres parecen seguir más estrechamente las recomendaciones de la guía de alimentación brasileño.

OBJECTIVE: to describe the food intake among individuals with high blood pressure and diabetes in a municipality in the south of Brazil. METHODS: a cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in Nova Boa Vista-RS, Brazil, from June to September 2013; food intake was collected from the questionnaire of the Food and Nutrition Surveillance System (SISVAN) and from an adaptation based on the 2008 Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population. RESULTS: 422 individuals were included in the study (≥18 years old); the food that presented the highest recommended intake frequencies were raw salad (60.7%), fruits (73.0%), dairy products (61.4%), fried food (57.3%), snacks (66.4%) and soft drinks (76.3%); processed meat and sweets presented the highest non-recommended intake frequencies, with 34.8 and 23.9%, respectively. CONCLUSION: food intake among the population studied seems to be in accordance to the recommended frequencies, especially among women.

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INTRODUCTION: There are controversies regarding differences in quality of life (QOL) of chronic renal disease patients treated with different dialytic methods. OBJECTIVE: To compare QOL among chronic renal disease patients in peritoneal dialysis (PD) and in hemodialysis (HD). METHODS: Cross-sectional study in all the three centers of dialysis in Pelotas/Brazil. Patients in PD were interviewed after the monthly-routine-consultation and those in HD between the 1st-2nd hours of the dialysis session by employing structured questionnaires. QOL was assessed with Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36). Means in the eight SF-36 domains were compared between groups. RESULTS: Among 345 eligible patients (63 in PD and 282 in HD) 317 were interviewed (8% losses/refusals). About half of patients in both groups were in dialysis treatment for 3 years at most. There were more women in PD and more men in HD. Patients in PD reported less "pain" than those in HD (mean scores 76.5 and 64.3, respectively; p = 0.0040). There was no difference for the remaining SF-36 domains. DISCUSSION: Utilization of HD in Pelotas is a bit lower than detected at the Brazilian Dialysis Census (2011), whereas the frequency of PD is similar to frequency observed in some European countries. The higher score on "pain" among patients in PD is consistent with findings from other studies although no difference and even additional advantages of PD over HD have already been reported. CONCLUSION: QOL is similar among patients in DP or in HD, except in terms of pain, that was less severe in PD patients.

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ResumoIntrodução:Há controvérsias quanto à qualidade de vida (QV) de pacientes renais crônicos tratados com diferentes métodos dialíticos.Objetivo:Comparar a QV de pacientes renais crônicos em diálise peritoneal (DP) e hemodiálise (HD).Métodos:Estudo transversal nos três centros de diálise de Pelotas/RS. Pacientes em DP foram entrevistados após consulta mensal de rotina e os em HD, entre 1ª-2ª horas da sessão dialítica, com questionário estruturado. QV foi avaliada com Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36). Médias dos oito domínios do SF-36 foram comparadas entre os grupos.Resultados:Dos 345 pacientes elegíveis (63 em DP e 282 em HD), foram entrevistados 317 (8% de perdas/recusas). Cerca da metade nos dois grupos estava em diálise há no máximo 3 anos. Havia maioria de mulheres em DP e de homens em HD. Pacientes em DP relataram menos "dor" do que os em HD (escores médios 76,5 e 64,3, respectivamente; p = 0,0040). Não houve diferença nos demais domínios do SF-36.Discussão:A utilização de HD em Pelotas é um pouco menor que a detectada pelo Censo Brasileiro de Diálise (2011), sendo o uso de DP semelhante ao de alguns países europeus. Melhor escore no domínio "dor" entre pacientes em DP é consistente com o observado em outros estudos, embora haja também relatos de nenhuma diferença entre as modalidades e de vantagens da DP em outros domínios que não foram detectados no atual estudo.Conclusão:É semelhante a QV dos pacientes em DP ou HD, exceto no domínio dor, que foi menos intensa entre os pacientes em DP.

AbstractIntroduction:There are controversies regarding differences in quality of life (QOL) of chronic renal disease patients treated with different dialytic methods.Objective:To compare QOL among chronic renal disease patients in peritoneal dialysis (PD) and in hemodialysis (HD).Methods:Cross-sectional study in all the three centers of dialysis in Pelotas/Brazil. Patients in PD were interviewed after the monthly-routine-consultation and those in HD between the 1nd-2rd hours of the dialysis session by employing structured questionnaires. QOL was assessed with Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36). Means in the eight SF-36 domains were compared between groups.Results:Among 345 eligible patients (63 in PD and 282 in HD) 317 were interviewed (8% losses/refusals). About half of patients in both groups were in dialysis treatment for 3 years at most. There were more women in PD and more men in HD. Patients in PD reported less "pain" than those in HD (mean scores 76.5 and 64.3, respectively; p = 0.0040). There was no difference for the remaining SF-36 domains.Discussion:Utilization of HD in Pelotas is a bit lower than detected at the Brazilian Dialysis Census (2011), whereas the frequency of PD is similar to frequency observed in some European countries. The higher score on "pain" among patients in PD is consistent with findings from other studies although no difference and even additional advantages of PD over HD have already been reported.Conclusion:QOL is similar among patients in DP or in HD, except in terms of pain, that was less severe in PD patients.

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Estudo transversal de base escolar que avaliou a prevalência e fatores associados ao consumo diário de refrigerantes, doces e frituras em adolescentes (15-20 anos) da rede pública estadual de Caruaru (PE), em 2007. Para avaliar os fatores associados ao consumo diário de refrigerantes, doces e frituras, realizou-se análise multivariável e hierarquizada, por regressão de Poisson, com variáveis sociodemográficas no primeiro nível hierárquico, comportamentais no segundo e relacionadas ao padrão alimentar no terceiro. O consumo de refrigerantes, doces ou frituras em pelo menos uma vez por semana foi referido por 90,9%, 95,4% e 89,6% dos adolescentes, respectivamente. As prevalências correspondentes ao consumo diário destes alimentos foram 30,2%, 42,0% e 28,3%. O consumo diário de doces foi 21% maior entre as meninas e 25% maior entre adolescentes que consumiram arroz e feijão diariamente. Em relação às frituras, as meninas referiram um consumo 37% maior do que os meninos. Adolescentes que consumiram carnes diariamente, apresentaram um consumo diário de frituras 43% maior. O consumo de refrigerantes, doces e frituras entre os adolescentes caruaruenses mostrou-se elevado e apresentou um padrão de consumo homogêneo para a maioria das variáveis analisadas.

A school-based cross-sectional study in 2007 evaluated the prevalence and associated factors of daily consumption of soft drinks, sweets and fried foods among adolescents (15 to 20 years of age) in public schools in Caruaru in the state of Pernambuco. To evaluate the factors associated with the daily consumption of the above foods, a multivariate and hierarchical analysis was conducted using Poisson regression, with social and demographic variables at the first hierarchical level, behavioral variables at the second level and dietary standards at the third level. Consumption of soft drinks, sweets and fried foods at least once a week was declared by 90.9%, 95.4% and 89.6% of the adolescents, respectively. The corresponding prevalence of the daily consumption of these items was 30.2%, 42% and 28.3%. The daily consumption of sweets was 21% higher among girls and 25% higher among adolescents who ate rice and beans daily. With respect to fried foods, girls mentioned 37% greater consumption than boys. Adolescents who consumed meat every day admitted a 43% higher daily consumption of fried foods. The consumption of soft drinks, sweets and fried foods among the adolescents from Caruaru was high and showed a homogeneous consumption standard for most variables analyzed.

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