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Hypertension is an important risk factor concomitant with cardiovascular disease (CVD) states, which is why we set out to evaluate Californian red worm hydrolysates on antihypertensive activity both in vitro, ex vivo, using rabbit aortic rings and in vivo using hypertensive induced rats. The worms were manually separated, washed with water, purged for 4 h with 4 % sodium bicarbonate, sacrificed with 7 % saline, and finally washed with drinking water. The in vitro antihypertensive capacity was performed by measuring angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition; for the ex vivo assays, rabbit aorta was used to measure relaxation; for the in vivo assays, rats with induced hypertension were used to perform acute (hypotension) and chronic assays, using captopril as a control in all assays. With respect to angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition, the EC50 value of the worm hydrolysate was found to be 358 ppm; with respect to the analysis in aortic rings, it was found that the mechanisms of action of the hydrolysate are endothelium-dependent, presenting a maximum relaxation of 35 %. With respect to the in vivo assays, the hypotensive test showed that the hydrolysate can reduce blood pressure by up to 32 % in only 2 h, while the chronic analysis showed that the hydrolysate at 150 ppm did not present statistically significant differences with the control (captopril) during the 15 days of analysis. The Red Californian earthworm hydrolysate presents bioactive compounds identified with antihypertensive activities in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo in different isolated and animal models. The study demonstrates the efficacy of the hydrolysate to be used as an alternative in the treatment and prevention of hypertension, and it can be implemented in functional foods or nutraceutical foods. Antihypertensive peptides, particularly those that inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), hold significant importance in medical research, specifically in the context of cardiovascular disease treatment, particularly hypertension. The focus on these peptides and the potential implications of their results in medical research can be summarized through several key points: 1) Mechanisms of Action-Antihypertensive peptides function by inhibiting ACE or renin, crucial enzymes in blood pressure regulation. 2)Alternatives to Synthetic Drugs, 3) Additional Health Benefits, and various other factors.

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The giant reed (Arundo donax) is a fast-growing plant adapted to different climatic and soil conditions; although its origin is Asian, the species has spread throughout the world. During its development, it consumes three times more water than typical native vegetation and is responsible for changing the landscape of riparian areas; the high biomass productivity and the annual harvest period make this crop an alternative to produce and/or extract industrial bioproducts. The main objective of this research was to evaluate the feasibility of using giant reed in a bioprocess that produces enzymes by a solid-state fermentation experiment, four fungal species were tested (Aspergillus niger GH1, Aspergillus niger PSH, Trichoderma harzianum, and Rhizopus oryzae); enzyme activities were performed using reported methodologies varying only reaction volumes. The A. niger GH1 and PSH strains were the best adapted to the plant material, A. niger GH1 was capable to produce 4 of the 5 evaluated enzymes (cellulase-endoglucanase (174.39 ± 19.62 U/L), xylanase (1313.31 ± 39.25 U/L), invertase (642.22 ± 23.55 U/L), and polyphenol oxidase (6094.01 ± 306.54) while A. niger PSH was able to produce 3 of the 5 evaluated enzymes (cellulase-endoglucanase (147.09 ± 13.88 U/L), xylanase (1307.76 ± 31.40 U/L), and invertase (603.92 ± 3.14 U/L).

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Although the best-known use of the different species of earthworm is the production of organic fertilizer, they can also be considered a rich source of biologically and pharmacologically-active compounds, for use in the treatment of various diseases. In recent decades, with the development of biochemical technologies, research on the pharmaceutical effects of compounds extracted from different species of earthworms has begun. Enzymatic hydrolysis is the most common and widely used technique for producing bioactive hydrolysates, because it uses moderate operating conditions, with a certain specificity for the substrate. In the present study, the objective was to optimize and scale up the enzymatic hydrolysis of Eisenia foetida protein to obtain peptides with biological activity. The substrate characterization was carried out according to AOAC, a response surface design was performed for the optimization of the enzymatic hydrolysis and then the scaling was performed by means of dimensional analysis. The results show that the major component of the paste is protein, 65% of which is albumin, and the absence of pathogenic microorganisms was also found. Regarding optimization, it was found that the optimal hydrolysis conditions are achieved with pH = 8.5; temperature = 45 °C; amount of substrate = 125 g and volume of enzyme = 1245µL. For the scaling, 4 dimensionless pi-numbers were calculated which describe the process with no statistically significant differences between the model and the prototype; it can be concluded that the enzymatic hydrolysate of Eisenia foetida presents high values of antioxidant activity evaluated by different methodologies.

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This paper evaluates the inclusion of chemical silage from viscera of red tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) in diets of Isa-Brown laying hens (Gallus gallus domesticus), and its influence on productive variables and hematological parameters. A total of 56, 16-week-old laying hens were randomly divided into two groups (one per diet), which in turn were subdivided into 7 replicates of 4 birds each. All test groups were fed for 16 weeks. During this period, the evaluation of the productive variables was carried out, and at the end, random blood samples were taken from 3 birds per diet. The results indicated that the inclusion of chemical silage from red tilapia viscera with a proportion of 17.18% dry matter, does not present statistically significant differences in the productive variables which were evaluated (p > 0.05) with respect to the control. Moreover, the chemical silage did not modify the hematological parameters and blood the chemistry in the hens. This allowed us to conclude that silage can be used as a substitute for conventional protein raw materials such as fishmeal and soybean meal in the preparation of diets for laying hens, without altering their productive performance.

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The Electronic Health Record used in the public primary care network of Buenos Aires City has a specific module for the vaccines registration. The present study explores the factors of EHR adoption by nurses. We found 5 barriers and one facilitator for adoption. Barriers are related with organize the flow of patients especially during vaccine campaigns, adapt the work stations and integrate the records with the vaccine central program.

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Objetivo: identificar la prevalencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular y realizar la autoevaluación de conocimientos acerca de la prevención de la enfermedad y promoción de la salud en estudiantes de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana (UPB), 2016. Metodología: estudio de tipo descriptivo de prevalencia, se realizó mediante encuestas que evaluaban variables sociodemográficas y el cuestionario Healthy Doctor=Healthy Patient. Resultados: fueron encuestados 347 de 527 estudiantes, lo que corresponde a un 65.8% de la población total. La edad promedio fue de 20.3 ± 2.38 años y 236 estudiantes (68.0%) de sexo femenino. El 50% de los encuestados califica como "media" la actividad física que realiza diariamente, siendo de mayor intensidad en los niveles básicos (valor p 0.40). En lo atinente al consumo de alcohol, el resultado fue 50% para cada una de las categorías de consumidores y no consumidores, fue mayor en estudiantes de clínicas con diferencias significativas (valor p <0.01). En cuanto al consumo de cigarrillo, fue mayor la proporción de estudiantes que no consumen (93.3% vs. 6.3%), sin diferencias entre básicas y clínicas (valor p 0.07). En cuanto a la encuesta de conocimientos básicos en prevención y promoción, los resultados fueron bajos en el tema de nutrición, el mejor desempeño se obtuvo en tabaquismo. Conclusiones: los estudiantes de la Facultad de Medicina de la UPB presentaron como principal factor de riesgo cardiovascular, en las áreas básicas, el sedentarismo y, en las clínicas, el consumo de alcohol con diferencias estadísticas significativas. Además, se demostró que el consumo de tabaco no es un hábito prevalente, sin diferencia significativa entre niveles universitarios, coincidiendo con el resultado de la encuesta de conocimientos acerca de promoción de la salud y prevención de la enfermedad cardiovascular en la que los estudiantes demostraron mayores conocimientos acerca del tabaquismo como factor de riesgo cardiovascular.

Objective: to identify the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and self-assessment of knowledge about the prevention of the disease and the promotion of health in students of the Faculty of Medicine of the Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana (UPB), 2016. Methods: a descriptive prevalence type study was carried out through surveys that evaluated the sociodemographic variables and the questionnaire Healthy Doctor = Healthy Patient. Results: 347 out of 527 students were surveyed, where the average age was 20.3 ± 2.38 years, and 236 students (68.01%) were female. 50% qualified their daily physical activity as "average", which was of greater intensity in the basic levels (p value 0.40). Alcohol consumption was 50%, which was increased in clinical-level students with statistically significant differences (p value <0.01). The majority of students were non-smoking (93.3%), without differences between basic and clinical-level students (p value = 0.07). Regarding the survey of basic knowledge in prevention and promotion, results were low regarding nutrition; the best performance was obtained in smoking. Conclusions: At the Faculty of Medicine of the UPB, sedentary lifestyle was the main cardiovascular risk factor in basic-level students, while alcohol consumption was the main risk factor for clinical-level students. In addition, it was demonstrated that tobacco consumption is not a prevalent habit, without significant difference between the university levels. This coincides with the result of the survey of knowledge on health promotion and prevention of cardiovascular disease, where students demonstrated greater knowledge about smoking as a cardiovascular risk factor.

Objetivo: identificar a prevalência de fatores de risco cardiovascular e realizar a auto avaliação de conhecimentos sobre a prevenção da doença e promoção da saúde em estudantes da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana (UPB), 2016. Metodologia: estudo de tipo descritivo de prevalência, se realizou mediante enquetes que avaliavam variáveis sócio-demográficas e o questionário Healthy Doctor=Healthy Patient. Resultados: foram entrevistados 347 de 527 estudantes, o que corresponde a um 65.8% da população total. A idade média foi de 20.3 ± 2.38 anos e 236 estudantes (68.0%) de sexo feminino. 50% dos entrevistados qualifica como "média" a atividade física que realiza diariamente, sendo de maior intensidade nos níveis básicos (valor p 0.40). No referente ao consumo de bebidas alcoólicas, o resultado foi 50% para cada uma das categorias de consumidores e não consumidores, foi maior em estudantes de clínicas com diferencias significativas (valor p <0.01). Em quanto ao consumo de cigarro, foi maior a proporção de estudantes que não consume (93.3% vs. 6.3%), sem diferenças entre básicas e clínicas (valor p 0.07). Em quanto à enquete de conhecimentos básicos em prevenção e promoção, os resultados foram baixos no tema de nutrição, o melhor desempenho se obteve em tabaquismo. Conclusões: os estudantes da Faculdade de Medicina da UPB apresentaram como principal fator de risco cardiovascular, nas áreas básicas, o sedentarismo e, nas clínicas, o consumo de bebidas alcoólicas com diferencias estatísticas significativas. Ademais, se demostrou que o consumo de tabaco não é um hábito prevalente, sem diferencia significativa entre níveis universitários, coincidindo com o resultado da enquete de conhecimentos sobre de promoção da saúde e prevenção da doença cardiovascular na que os estudantes demostraram maiores conhecimentos sobre o tabaquismo como fator de risco cardiovascular.

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Contexto: la cátedra de Medicina o Escuela Médica Quiteña, constituye la más antigua del país, y una de las primeras de la América hispana. Objetivo: describir la Escuela Médica de Quito, su origen y trayectoria a lo largo de tres siglos. Discusión: en la Audiencia de Quito, la noble ciudad de las iglesias, empieza a fisgonearse la obra monumental de los albores de la educación médica nacional. Los conventos abren sus puertas al surgimiento de los espacios de las letras, del arte y del conocimiento venido desde Europa. Las deplorables condiciones de vida de la población, junto a las reiteradas epidemias, demandaron de ese esfuerzo fenomenal de los religiosos de Santo Domingo, quienes fundaron la primera Cátedra de Medicina en 1693. La figura protagónica de Eugenio Espejo, marca el despertar del humanismo en el siglo XVIII. Su lucha en todos los órdenes, reivindica a los grupos sociales marginados. Su aporte crítico al sistema de enseñanza universitario, particularmente al de medicina, significan una nueva y anticipada visión sobre la verdadera forma de instrumentar el arte de curar y enseñar. Esta Cátedra de Medicina o Escuela Médica Quiteña, constituye la más antigua del país, y una de las primeras de la América hispana. El Plan de Estudios de la Cátedra de Medicina de Quito se estableció en tres años con las asignaturas de Anatomía y Fisiología (a cargo del catedrático de Prima), Patología, Método y Terapéutica (a cargo del catedrático de Vísperas). Los espíritus ilustrados, erguidos con la independencia americana, inician el renacimiento nacional, impulsan la ciencia y combaten la relajación opresiva en que se hallaba sumido el pueblo ecuatoriano e infunden un afán de ilustración y progreso que se manifiesta por el resurgimiento y la creación de los planteles de enseñanza y la formación de academias científicas en varias ciudades de la naciente República. Cinco años después de la gesta libertaria, la labor del protomedicato declina sus atribuciones ante la Facultad de Medicina, que escribe el 26 de octubre de 1827 la primera página de sus anales, cuando la Universidad Central crea la Facultad Médica del Departamento del Ecuador y Distrito del Sur, en reemplazo de la antigua Escuela Médica Quiteña. Lo estatuido en la Ley sobre las Escuelas de Medicina, fija las cátedras correspondientes yse manda que haya en cada una, biblioteca, anfiteatro y gabinete anatómico, laboratorios, etc. Conclusión: el advenimiento de las ideas libertarias y la instauración de la República, la formación médica ecuatoriana se cobija de la influencia europea, particularmente francesa y posteriormente anglosajona. (AU)

Context: the Chair of Medicine or Medical School of Quito is the oldest in the country, and one of the first in Hispanic America. Objective: to describe the Medical School of Quito, its origin and trajectory over three centuries. Discussion: at the Audiencia of Quito, the noble city of the churches, the monumental work of the dawn of national medical education begins to be snooped. The convents open their doors to the emergence of spaces of letters, art and knowledge from Europe. The deplorable conditions of life of the population, together with the repeated epidemics, demanded of that phenomenal effort of the religious of Santo Domingo, who founded the first Chair of Medicine in 1693. The leading figure of Eugenio Espejo marks the awakening of humanism in the eighteenth century. His struggle in all orders vindicates marginalized social groups. His critical contribution to the system of university education, particularly saying that medicine means a new and anticipated vision of the true way to implement the art of healing and teaching. This Chair of Medicine or Medical School of Quito is the oldest in the country, and one of the first in Hispanic America. The curriculum of the Chair of Medicine of Quito was establishe in three years with the subjects of Anatomy and Physiology (in charge of the professor of Prima), Pathology, Method and Therapeutics (under the charge of the professor of Vespers). The enlightened spirits, erected with American independence, initiate the national revival, promote science and combat the oppressive relaxation in which the Ecuadorian people were immerse and infuse an eagerness for illustration and progress that is manifested by the resurgence and creation of the teaching facilities and the formation of scientific academies in several cities of the nascent Republic. Five years after the libertarian deed, the work of the protomedicato declines its attributions before the Faculty of Medicine, which writes on October 26, 1827 the first page of its annals, when the Central University creates the Medical Faculty of the Department of Ecuador and District of the South, replacing the old Medical School of Quito. Conclusion: the advent of libertarian ideas and the establishment of the Republic, the Ecuadorian medical training is sheltered from European influence, particularly French and later Anglo-Saxon influence. (AU)

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INTRODUCCIÓN La desnutrición infantil conforma un importante problema de salud pública en Argentina, ya sea como causa básica de mortalidad/morbilidad o asociada a distintas patologías que inciden sobre la población infantil. Sin embargo, poco se conoce sobre su magnitud, tendencia y concentración/dispersión espacia. OBJETIVOS Detectar la magnitud del problema, sus principales tendencias y su distribución espacial, considerando diferentes escalas. Asimismo, analizar la red de factores relacionados con los programas aplicados para su resolución. MÉTODOS Se propuso un abordaje cuantitativo mediante la sistematización de estadísticas vitales (mortalidad), egresos hospitalarios (morbilidad), y de bajo peso al nacimiento (natalidad). Se complementó con un abordaje documental y cualitativo que compiló la información referida a los programas aplicados a nivel país y profundizó dicha exploración en áreas seleccionadas del Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires y Tucumán. RESULTADOS Se advirtieron comportamientos diferenciados. A nivel nacional las tasas descienden, a nivel regional domina el descenso, pero se observan casos de estabilidad y sutil aumento, en el plano provincial se detecta un comportamiento heterogéneo. La escala departamental pone de relieve la concentración del problema en diferentes sectores del norte argentino. Las políticas públicas alimentarias se han caracterizado por un enfoque basado en las transferencias monetarias, se desconoce su impacto real sobre la desnutrición. DISCUSIÓN Se destaca la necesidad de integrar las vertientes de información analizadas para brindar un panorama más general sobre un problema que si bien tiende a descender, alcanza magnitudes altas. El análisis de causas asociadas mostró mayor incidencia del problema en áreas donde la desnutrición como causa básica no adquiría mayor relevancia. Los sectores identificados del norte argentino precisan un abordaje inmediato en materia de pobreza y salud infantil.

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En un sistema de producción intensivo de chinchillas, de pequeña escala, manejado en base a un protocolo experimental con control artificial del fotoperíodo se relevaron durante tres años consecutivos 24 indicadores productivo-reproductivos. Los valores de todos los indicadores fueron similares o superiores a los informados en la bibliografía en diferentes sistemas productivos. Ello puede explicarse por: la fertilidad promedio mantenida durante el período estudiado, generada en parte por el refugo sistemático anual de toda hembra sin parto registrado, independientemente de su fenotipo peletero; el tamaño de la camada al nacimiento y al destete, que si bien mostraron valores dentro del rango de referencia bibliográfica, estuvieron acompañados por un porcentaje de mortalidad total satisfactorio y partos por reproductora por año y por madre por año por encima de la mayor parte de los datos referenciados en la bibliografía atribuibles a la estimulación determinada por el manejo fotoperiódico. La conjunción de estos indicadores permitió alcanzar valores de 2,31 y 2,85 gazapos destetados por reproductora y por madre por año. Los valores informados en el Módulo experimental superan en un gazapo destetado por madre y por año a los emprendimientos dedicados a la producción de chinchillas del área de influencia de la FCV-UNR.

In a small-scale chinchilla intensive production system, managed on the basis of an experimental protocol with artificial control of the photoperiod, 24 productive-reproductive indicators were surveyed for three consecutive years. The values of all indicators were similar or higher than those reported in the literature in different production systems. This can be explained by: (1) the average fertility maintained during the period studied, generated in part by the annual systematic scrap of all females without registered birth, regardless of their skin phenotype; (2) the size of litter at birth and weaning, which although showed values within the range of bibliographic reference, were accompanied by an acceptable percentage of total mortality, and (3) births per reproductive female per year and per mother per year above most of the data referenced in the literature, attributable to the stimulation determined by photoperiodic management. The values reported in the Experimental Module surpassed in one kitten weaned per mother and per year, the enterprises dedicated to the production of chinchillas of the area of influence of the FCV-UNR.