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La experiencia local que se tiene con la ultrasonografía endoscópica (USE) es aún pequeña debido a la poca cantidad de centros que cuentan con el equipamiento y a la escasez de centros de entrenamiento así como una larga curva de aprendizaje. Objetivo: Reportar la experiencia en ecoendoscopías en el hospital que laboramos. Materiales y Métodos: Se realiza un estudio retrospectivo de las ecoendoscopÍas (USE) realizadas en el Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, Perú, desde enero a diciembre del 2012, recogiendo datos de filiación, diagnóstico endosonográfico, biopsia aspiración con aguja fina y citología. Los resultados se reportaron con estadística descriptiva. Resultados: Se realizaron 205 ecoendoscopías, de las cuales 116 (56,6%) fueron mujeres y 89 (43,4%) hombres. La edad media fue 60,8 +/- 15,6 años (rango: 17-84) 51,3% correspondieron a pacientes mayores de 60 años. De los exámenes realizados, 157 (76,6%) fueron en el tracto digestivo superior y 48 (23,4%) en la región ano-rectal. Los diagnósticos más frecuentes en las USE en el tracto digestivo superior fueron: lesiones sub-epiteliales (23,6%), normal (23,6%), neoplasias malignas (14,0%) siendo la del páncreas la más frecuente (7,6% del total), litiasis de la vía biliar-pancreática (12,7%) y lesiones quísticas del páncreas (12,1%). En cuanto a las USE de la región ano rectal, el diagnóstico más frecuente fue la neoplasia maligna (NM) de recto (47,9%). Se realizaron un total de 20 (9,8%) biopsias aspiración con aguja fina (BAAF). No se reportó complicación alguna...

Report our experience with endoscopic ultrasonography. Material and Methods: In this report we analyze retrospectivement the data of 205 EUS studies done from January to December 2012 at the Hospital. Lima, Peru. Age, sex, endoscopic diagnosis and the results of fine needle aspiration (FNA) are analyzed. Results: In this study 205 patients underwent to EUS. There were 116 patients (56.6%) females and 89 (43.4%) males. Mean age was 60.8 +/- 15.6 years (range: 17 û 84), 51.3% were over 60. 157patients (76.6%) had upper GI EUS tract and 48 (23.4%) of the lower. In upper GI EUS the most frequent diagnosis was: Sub epithelial lesions (22.7%), malignant neoplasm (13.5%) and pancreatic cancer the most frequent one (6.7%). Stones in the biliary and pancreatic duct (12.2%) and pancreatic cystic disease (9.8%) were found. Rectal cancer was the most frequent diagnosis in the ano-rectal EUS (47.9%). 20 fine needle aspiration biopsies were performed. No complications were reported...

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OBJECTIVE: Report our experience with endoscopic ultrasonography. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this report we analyze retrospectivement the data of 205 EUS studies done from January to December 2012 at the Hospital. Lima, Peru. Age, sex, endoscopic diagnosis and the results of fine needle aspiration (FNA) are analyzed. RESULTS: In this study 205 patients underwent to EUS. There were 116 patients (56.6%) females and 89 (43.4%) males. Mean age was 60.8 ± 15.6 years (range: 17 - 84), 51.3% were over 60. 157 patients (76.6%) had upper GI EUS tract and 48 (23.4%) of the lower. In upper GI EUS the most frequent diagnosis was: Sub epithelial lesions (22.7%), malignant neoplasm (13.5%) and pancreatic cancer the most frequent one (6.7%). Stones in the biliary and pancreatic duct (12.2%) and pancreatic cystic disease (9.8%) were found. Rectal cancer was the most frequent diagnosis in the ano-rectal EUS (47.9%). 20 fine needle aspiration biopsies were performed. No complications were reported. CONCLUSION: This one year experience is the first step for the development of endoscopic ultrasonography in our country. Despite of problems with the design and number of patients, we believe we can say that GI EUS is a useful and safe for the diagnosis of different diseases of the GI tract and appropriate training is needed.

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Paciente varón de 45 años natural de Lima, casado con antecedentes de , múltiples parejas sexuales y operado de fimosis, que debuta con eritema nodoso y diagnosticado de hepatitis B crónica en Agosto del 2008, en controles por consultorio se realiza diagnóstico de cirrosis hepática child A y hepatocarcinoma. Inicia tratamiento para la hepatitis B con Entecavir 0,5mg y luego se realiza hepatectomía del segmento V, En Febrero 2009 en controles de imágenes se evidencia recidiva de hepatocarcinoma en el segmento VI (lesión de 14mm) con AFP de 68 ng/dl, se realiza etanolización, con evolución final favorable. Durante el seguimiento no se observa evidencia de recidiva de HCC, continua con Entecavir 0,5 mg /d y en abril 2010, luego de 72 semanas de tratamiento con adecuada adherencia al tratamiento presenta rebrote virológico (carga viral positiva de 646 UI/dl), y se decide agregar a la terapia Tenofovir. Actualmente paciente con buena evolución con última carga viral de Abril del 2012 negativa recibiendo terapia doble para VHB. Reportamos el caso por ser uno de los primeros en nuestro país de resistencia probable a Entecavir y donde se pone de manifiesto la necesidad de examenes complementarios que confirmen dicha sospecha.

A 45 year- old - married man, with several sexual partners, initiated symptoms with nodosum erythema and in August 2008, is diagnosed of chronic hepatitis due to hepatitis B virus (HBV). Later he was diagnosed of Child A cirrhosis and hepatocarcinoma. He began HBV treatment with Entecavir 0,5 mg; then he underwent a V segment hepatectomy. In February 2009 he presented a relapse with a tumor of 14 mm on VI segment with AFP values of 68 ng/dl, so he underwent an ethanolization with good evolution. During the follow up, he has not presented evidence of relapse of hepatocarcinoma and continued with Entecavir 0,5 mg/d. In April 2010, after 72 weeks of therapy with good compliance, the patient presented a virological breakthrough (viral load 646 UI/dl) and Tenofovir was added to his therapy. Nowadays the patient is receiving double therapy for HBV and his last viral load, April 2012, was negative. This could be the first case in our country of a probable resistance to Entecavir; complementary tests are needed in order to rule out this suspicion.

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A 45 year-old married man, with several sexual partners, initiated symptoms with nodosum erythema and in August 2008, is diagnosed of chronic hepatitis due to hepatitis B virus (HBV). Later he was diagnosed of Child A cirrhosis and hepatocarcinoma. He began HBV treatment with Entecavir 0.5 mg; then he underwent a V segment hepatectomy. In February 2009 he presented a relapse with a tumor of 14 mm on VI segment with AFP values of 68 ng/dl, so he underwent an ethanolization with good evolution. During the follow up, he has not presented evidence of relapse of hepatocarcinoma and continued with Entecavir 0.5 mg/d. In April 2010, after 72 weeks of therapy with good compliance, the patient presented a virological breakthrough (viral load 646 UI/dl) and Tenofovir was added to his therapy. Nowadays the patient is receiving double therapy for HBV and his last viral load, April 2012, was negative. This could be the first case in our country of a probable resistance to Entecavir; complementary tests are needed in order to rule out this suspicion.

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The patient is an 82 year-old female with a history of osteoarthritis, hypothyroidism and anemia for 14 years (receiving blood transfusions). She was admited to our hospital with a nine months history of malaise, anorexia, fatigue and weakness, associated with intermitten episodes of abdominal pain. She was diagnosed anemia and occult blood positive stools. Physical examination revealed a patient in generally fair condition, obese, with mild edema of lower limbs, no changes in the evaluation of chest, cardiovascular, abdomen, etc. Laboratory data was unremarkable, except for iron deficiency anemia. The upper endoscopy showed duodenal ulcer scar, fundic polyposis and chronic gastritis. Colonoscopy revealed some diverticula, a small sessile polyp and internal hemorrhoids. The diagnosis of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding was made. The CT scan of the abdomen showed gallstones and fatty liver; a radiograph of intestinal transit detected a lesion apparently protruded intestinal loop for distal jejunum; enteroscopy was performed (with one team ball) anterograde and retrograde achieving assess distal jejunum and distal ileum without observing any injuries. The study of capsule endoscopy showed a polypoid tumor intestinal with evidence of having bleeding. Surgery detected the tumor in proximal ileum. The surgical specimen findings showed three tumors 0.7 mm, 10 mm and 15 mm on the proximal ileum. The microscopic examination revealed that these lesions were neuroendocrine tumors (carcinoid). The Ileal carcinoid tumor may rarely presented with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding.

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Mujer de 82 años con antecedentes de osteoartrosis, hipotiroidismo y anemia desde hace 14 años (ha recibido transfusiones). Refiere desde hace 9 meses malestar general, hiporexia, astenia y sensación de debilidad; asociadas a episodios de dolor abdominal intermitente. En un centro médico le detectaron anemia y Thevenon positivo. En el examen físico observamos a una paciente en regular estado general, obesa, con edema leve de miembros inferiores, sin alteraciones en tórax, cardiovascular, abdomen, etc. Sus exámenes auxiliares fueron normales, excepto que tenía anemia ferropénica. Le realizaron una endoscopia alta y colonoscopia sin detectar alguna fuente potencial de sangrado; se planteó el diagnóstico de hemorragia digestiva de origen oscuro. La evaluación se complementó con una ecografía y tomografía abdominal observando esteatosis hepática y litiasis vesicular; la radiografía de tránsito intestinal detectó una lesión protruida en un asa intestinal aparentemente correspondiente a yeyuno distal; Se le realizó la enteroscopia (con equipo de un solo balón) anterógrada y retrógrada logrando evaluar yeyuno proximal e ileon distal sin observar alguna lesión. El estudio de cápsula endoscópica mostró un tumor polipoideo ûaparentemente en yeyuno- con evidencia de haber sangrado. La intervención quirúrgica detectó el área tumoral en el íleon proximal; en el espécimen quirúrgico se evidenciaron 3 tumoraciones de 0.7mm, 10mm y 15mm cuyo estudio histológico mostró que se trataban de lesiones correspondientes a tumor carcinoide. La presentación del tumor ileal carcinoide como hemorragia digestiva de origen oscuro no es frecuente.

The patient is an 82 year-old female with a history of osteoarthritis, hypothyroidism and anemia for 14 years (receiving blood transfusions). She was admited to our hospital with a nine months history of malaise, anorexia, fatigue and weakness, associated with intermitten episodes of abdominal pain. She was diagnosed anemia and occult blood positive stools. Physical examination revealed a patient in generally fair condition, obese, with mild edema of lower limbs, no changes in the evaluation of chest, cardiovascular, abdomen, etc. Laboratory data was unremarkable, except for iron deficiency anemia. The upper endoscopy showed duodenal ulcer scar, fundic polyposis and chronic gastritis. Colonoscopy revealed some diverticula, a small sessile polyp and internal hemorrhoids. The diagnosis of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding was made. The CT scan of the abdomen showed gallstones and fatty liver; a radiograph of intestinal transit detected a lesion apparently protruded intestinal loop for distal jejunum; enteroscopy was performed (with one team ball) anterograde and retrograde achieving assess distal jejunum and distal ileum without observing any injuries. The study of capsule endoscopy showed a polypoid tumor intestinal with evidence of having bleeding. Surgery detected the tumor in proximal ileum. The surgical specimen findings showed three tumors 0.7mm, 10mm and 15mm on the proximal ileum. The microscopic examination revealed that these lesions were neuroendocrine tumors (carcinoid). The Ileal carcinoid tumor may rarely presented with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding.

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We report the case of a 35-year-old male patient, with a history of six months of pallor and dyspnea associated with severe iron deficiency anemia and positive fecal occult blood tests. Endoscopy of the lower and upper gastrointestinal tract, and a small bowel follow-through were performed, but did not reveal the origin of the bledding. Later, a capsule endoscopy study were performed and detected an elevated area - not well defined - with active bleeding in the jejunal portion of the small bowel, for that reason we decided to complement the study with a double balloon enteroscopy, that allowed us to see more clearly the jejunal lesion: an elevated and ulcerated lesion; the area was marked with India ink to guide the surgeon. In the surgical intervention a resection of the involved jejunal segment was performed; the study of pathological anatomy established the diagnosis of jejunal angiodysplasia. We present this case of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding to emphasize the diagnostic utility of capsule endoscopy and double balloon enteroscopy.

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Reportamos el caso de un paciente varón de 35 años con historia de seis meses de palidez y disnea de esfuerzo, asociadas a anemia ferropénica severa y pruebas de sangre oculta en heces positivas. Se le realizaron videoendoscopia digestiva alta, videocolonoscopía y Rx tránsito gastrointestinal, las cuales no revelaron el origen del sangrado. Posteriormente se le realizó estudio con cápsula endoscópica que detectó en el yeyuno un área elevada -no bien definida- con sangrado, por esa razón se decidió complementar con una enteroscopía de doble balón, que permitió ver mas claramente la lesión yeyunal: una lesión elevada y ulcerada, además el área fue marcada con tinta china para orientar al cirujano. En la intervención quirúrgica se realizó resección del segmento yeyunal comprometido; el estudio de anatomía patológica estableció el diagnóstico de angiodisplasia yeyunal. Presentamos este caso de hemorragia digestiva de origen oscuro para resaltar la utilidad diagnóstica de la cápsula endoscópica complementada con la enteroscopia de doble balón.

We report the case of a 35 years male patient, with a history of six months of pallor and dyspnea associated with severe iron deficiency anemia and positives fecal occult blood tests. Endoscopy of the lower and upper gastrointestinal tract, and a small bowel follow through were performed, but did not reveal the origin of the bledding. Later, a capsule endoscopy study were performed and detected an elevated area û not well defined û with active bleeding in the jejunal portion of the small bowel, for that reason we decided to complement the study with a double balloon enteroscopy, that allowed to see more clearly the jejunal lesion: an elevated and ulcerated lesion; the area was marked with Indian ink to guide the surgeon. In the surgical intervention a resection of the involved jejunal segment was performed; the study of pathological anatomy established the diagnosis of jejunal angiodysplasia. We present this case of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding to emphasize the diagnostic utility of the capsule endoscopy and the double balloon enteroscopy.

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INTRODUCTION: Acute Hepatic Insufficiency (AHI) is a rare syndrome but has a high mortality rate. The purpose of this study was to determine the clinico-epidemiological characteristics of AHI. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Open study, prospective, descriptive of patients diagnosed with AHI in the Liver Unit of the Edgardo Rebagliati Martins State Hospital (HNERM) from February 1999 until January 2003. RESULTS: Fifteen (15) cases were studied. The average age was 63 (30-81), the M-F ratio was 2/1. The diagnosis was viral Hepatitis B (53.3%), toxic idiosyncratic reactions (20%), undetermined (20%) and Hepatitis A (6.7%). At the time of diagnosis 80% had Grade I encephalopathy and 20% Grade III encephalopathy; 13.3% did not have ascites and 86.7% had mild-moderate ascites; 53.3% had a history of chronic illness (diabetes, chronic renal insufficiency, cardiopathy and others). Average laboratory values were: albumin 2.5 gr./dl, bilirubin 25.9 mg/dl, prothrombin time 29 and Factor V 40.7%. The most frequent complications were sepsis and cerebral oedema. Global mortality was 80%. The average survival time was 16.6 days. CONCLUSIONS: In most cases the patients were over 60 years of age. The main cause of AHI was viral Hepatitis B, a disease which can be prevented with active immunisation. Infection and cerebral oedema were common causes of death. AHI, although rare, is a rapidly degenerative and fatal condition.

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Introducción. La insuficiencia hepática aguda (IHA) es un síndrome poco frecuente aunque con elevada mortalidad. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar las características clínico-epidemiológicas de la IHA. Materiales y métodos: Estudio abierto, prospectivo, descriptivo de pacientes con diagnóstico de IHA hospitalizados en la Unidad de Hígado del HNERM desde Febrero 1999 hasta Enero 2003. Resultados. Se estudiaron 15 casos. La edad promedio fue 63 años (30-81), la relación M/F fue 2/1. La etiología fue hepatitis viral B (53.3 por ciento), reacciones tóxicas por idiosincracia (20 por ciento), indeterminada (20 por ciento) y hepatitis A (6.7 por ciento). En el momento del diagnóstico el 80 por ciento presentó encefalopatía Grado I y el 20 por ciento encefalopatía III. El 13.3 por ciento no tuvo ascitis y el 86.7 por ciento ascitis leve-moderada. El 53.3 por ciento tenía como antecedente una enfermedad crónica (diabetes, insuficiencia renal crónica, cardiopatía y otros). Los valores de laboratorio fueron: albúmina media 2.5 gr./dl, bilirrubina media 25.9 mg/dl, tiempo de protrombina media 29'' y Factor V media 40.7 por ciento. Las complicaciones más frecuentes fueron la sepsis y el edema cerebral. La mortalidad global fue 80 por ciento. El tiempo de sobrevida media fue 16.6 días. Conclusiones. La mayoría de casos tuvieron más de 60 años. La principal causa de IHA fue la hepatitis viral B, esta enfermedad puede prevenirse con la inmunización activa. La infección y el edema cerebral fueron causas importantes de muerte. La IHA aunque rara, es una entidad rápidamente progresiva y fatal.

Introduction. Acute Hepatic Insufficiency (AHI) is a rare syndrome but has a highmortality rate. The purpose of this study was to determine the clinico-epidemiological characteristics of AHI. Materials and Methods. Open study, prospective, descriptive of patients diagnosed with AHI in the Liver Unit of the Edgardo Rebagliati Martins State Hospital (HNERM) from February 1999 until January 2003. Results. Fifteen (15) cases were studied. The average age was 63 (30-81), the M-Fratio was 2/1. The diagnosis was viral Hepatitis B (53.3 per cent), toxic idiosyncratic reactions(20 per cent), undetermined (20 per cent) and Hepatitis A (6.7 per cent). At the time of diagnosis 80 per cent had Grade I encephalopathyand 20 per cent Grade III encephalopathy; 13.3 per cent did not have ascites and 86.7 per cent had mild-moderate ascites; 53.3 per cent had a history of chronic illness (diabetes, chronic renal insufficiency, cardiopathy and others). Average laboratory values were: albumin 2.5 gr./dl, bilirubin 25.9 mg/dl, prothrombin time 29” and Factor V 40.7 per cent. The most frequent complications were sepsis and cerebral oedema. Global mortality was 80 per cent. The average survival time was 16.6 days.Conclusions. In most cases the patients were over 60 years of age. The main cause of AHI was viral Hepatitis B, a disease which can be prevented with active immunisation. Infection and cerebral oedema were common causes of death. AHI, although rare, is a rapidly degenerative and fatal condition.

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