RESUMO
Neotropical primates rarely exhibit active tuberculosis. A brown howler monkey was found injured in an urban area. Histopathology revealed granulomatous inflammation in the lungs, lymph nodes, and liver. Immunohistochemistry and molecular analysis confirmed the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. The findings highlight the importance of TB surveillance in nonhuman primates.
Assuntos
Alouatta , Doenças dos Macacos , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Tuberculose , Animais , Doenças dos Macacos/microbiologia , Doenças dos Macacos/patologia , Brasil , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolamento & purificação , Tuberculose/veterinária , Tuberculose/microbiologia , Tuberculose/patologia , Masculino , FemininoRESUMO
Sarcocystosis is an important avian disease that affects several intermediate host species. Birds not endemic from Americas, like Old World psittacine species, appear to be more susceptible to lethal infection than New World psittacine species. The aim of this study was to investigate the sudden death of rose-ringed parakeets (Psittacula krameri) in an exotic private parrot's aviary. Macroscopically, the most prevalent findings were severe lung congestion, slight superficial myocardial hemorrhagic lesions, enlarged liver and congestion of meningeal vessels. The initial diagnosis of sarcocystosis was made in all birds by microscopic observations of intravascular pulmonary schizonts, as well hepatitis, myocarditis, and nephritis. Immunohistochemistry for detection of Sarcocystis sp. antigen revealed an intense immunoreactivity in the lungs. Molecular identification of Sarcocystis falcatula were obtained by nested PCR and sequencing of amplified fragments of internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) and three surface antigen-coding genes (SAG2, SAG3 and SAG4). SAG-based phylogenies showed a close relatedness of the isolate described here and S. falcatula previously detected in naturally infected native birds, which suggests that the isolates that affected ringnecks are a common isolate that circulates in Brazil.
Assuntos
Papagaios , Psittacula , Sarcocystis , Sarcocistose , Animais , Sarcocistose/diagnóstico , Sarcocistose/veterinária , Sarcocistose/epidemiologia , PeriquitosRESUMO
Entomopathogenic fungi, widely available biological agents used to control agricultural pests, are sporadically reported to cause focal or disseminated infection in reptiles and mammals, including humans. This study summarizes the clinical presentation, histopathological and molecular findings by panfungal polymerase chain reaction and sequencing of four cases of hypocrealean fungal infections in captive common green iguanas (Iguana, iguana). One case of granulomatous pneumonia, hepatitis and serositis was related to Metarhizium flavoviride complex infection. Two disseminated fungal infection cases, with scarce inflammatory cell infiltration, were caused by Beauveria bassiana while there was one case of multifocal granulomatous and necrotizing pneumonia by Purpureocillium spp. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of fatal mycosis infection due to entomopathogenic fungi in captive common green iguanas.
Assuntos
Beauveria , Hypocreales , Iguanas , Micoses , Animais , Humanos , Brasil , Micoses/microbiologia , Micoses/veterinária , MamíferosRESUMO
A mpox (varíola dos macacos ou monkeypox) é uma zoonose causada por um orthopoxvírus, da espécie Monkeypox virus (MPXV). Historicamente, primatas não humanos (PNHs) e, principalmente, roedores selvagens participam da manutenção do ciclo de transmissão em regiões endêmicas da África. Na atual epidemia de mpox em países não endêmicos, incluindo o Brasil, o ciclo epidemiológico apresenta transmissão direta de MPXV entre seres humanos, sem a participação de PNHs. O objetivo da revisão é apresentar informações históricas e o estado-da-arte da mpox com o intuito de orientar e fornecer subsídios sobre a doença aos médicos-veterinários, outros profissionais de saúde e a população em geral, além de desmitificar a participação dos PNHs, uma vez que estes não participam do ciclo de transmissão da doença em países não endêmicos.(AU)
Mpox (monkeypox) is a zoonotic disease caused by an orthopoxvirus, species Monkeypox virus (MPXV). Historically, non-human primates (NHPs) and wild rodents participate in maintaining the transmission cycle in endemic regions of Africa. In the current epidemic of human mpox in non-endemic countries, including Brazil, the epidemiological cycle of human mpox shows direct transmission of the MPXV between humans, without the participation of NHPs. The objective of this review is to present historical information and the state-of-the-art of human mpox to guide and provide subsidies about the disease to veterinarians, other health professionals and the population in general, in addition to demystifying the participation of PNHs in the HM transmission cycle in non-endemic countries.(AU)
Assuntos
Monkeypox virus/patogenicidade , Mpox/transmissão , Mpox/epidemiologiaRESUMO
The genus Sarcocystis and the species Toxoplasma gondii are the most prevalent sarcocystid organisms found in birds. Molecular phylogenies based on the first internal transcribed spacer of the ribosomal coding DNA (ITS1) have been widely used to identify them. Here, pectoral muscles from 400 wild birds from Brazil were screened by means of molecular methods using nested PCR, and Sanger sequencing yielded amplicons. A pan-sarcocystid ITS1-directed nested PCR revealed 28 birds infected by Sarcocystis falcatula (ten Piciformes, eight Psittaciformes, five Columbiformes, two Accipitriformes, one Anseriformes, one Passeriformes and one Strigiformes); one infected by Sarcocystis halieti (one Accipitriformes); nine infected by unknown or undescribed Sarcocystis (six Passeriformes, one Piciformes, one Cathartiformes and one Cuculiformes); and six harboring Toxoplasma gondii DNA (three Pelecaniformes, two Falconiformes and one Columbiformes). Samples harboring S. falcatula-related ITS1 sequences were further characterized by means of PCR and sequencing of genetic sequences of three surface antigen coding genes (SAGs). From this, 10 new allelic combinations of SAGs (SAG2, SAG3 and SAG4) were identified, in addition to 11 SAG allelic combinations already found in Brazil. Samples with S. falcatula-unrelated ITS1 sequences were further characterized by means of PCR and sequencing of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I coding sequences (CO1) and 18S ribosomal DNA gene (18S rDNA). This study was the first extensive survey of wild birds in Brazil for Sarcocystidae species. It provides the first molecular evidence of natural S. falcatula infection in 14 species, including in the order Piciformes, and shows the high genetic diversity of S. falcatula in intermediate hosts in South America. Evidence of occurrence of at least three non-described species of Sarcocystis was also presented in this study. This survey corroborated the ubiquity of T. gondii infection but revealed surprisingly low prevalence of this parasite (1.5%).
RESUMO
Yellow Fever (YF) is a severe disease caused by Yellow Fever Virus (YFV), endemic in some parts of Africa and America. In Brazil, YFV is maintained by a sylvatic transmission cycle involving non-human primates (NHP) and forest canopy-dwelling mosquitoes, mainly Haemagogus-spp and Sabethes-spp. Beginning in 2016, Brazil faced one of the largest Yellow Fever (YF) outbreaks in recent decades, mainly in the southeastern region. In São Paulo city, YFV was detected in October 2017 in Aloutta monkeys in an Atlantic Forest area. From 542 NHP, a total of 162 NHP were YFV positive by RT-qPCR and/or immunohistochemistry, being 22 Callithrix-spp. most from urban areas. Entomological collections executed did not detect the presence of strictly sylvatic mosquitoes. Three mosquito pools were positive for YFV, 2 Haemagogus leucocelaenus, and 1 Aedes scapularis. In summary, YFV in the São Paulo urban area was detected mainly in resident marmosets, and synanthropic mosquitoes were likely involved in viral transmission.
Assuntos
Primatas/virologia , Febre Amarela/transmissão , Animais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Cidades/epidemiologia , Surtos de Doenças , Mosquitos Vetores/fisiologia , Filogenia , Febre Amarela/epidemiologiaRESUMO
This research reports ticks on wild raptors in Brazil. Between the years 1936 and 2019, 127 larvae, 230 nymphs and 34 adult ticks were collected on 92 raptors (among 27 different species) from 35 localities in distinct Brazilian biomes. Additionally, an extensive literature review on ticks on wild raptors has been carried out, demonstrating that from 1993 to 2016, 29 larvae, 81 nymphs, 29 adults and 186 indeterminate immature ticks (larvae or nymphs) were collected on 41 raptors (16 different species) in 17 distinct localities in the Brazilian territory. The following tick species were identified on wild raptors in the country: Amblyomma aureolatum (Pallas, 1772), Amblyomma auricularium (Conil, 1878), Amblyomma brasiliense Aragão, 1908, Amblyomma cajennense (Fabricius, 1787) sensu stricto, Amblyomma calcaratum Neumann, 1899, Amblyomma coelebs Neumann, 1899, Amblyomma dubitatum Neumann, 1899, Amblyomma longirostre (Koch, 1844), Amblyomma nodosum Neumann, 1899, Amblyomma ovale Koch, 1844, Amblyomma parkeri Fonseca & Aragão, 1952, Amblyomma sculptum Berlese, 1888, Haemaphysalis juxtakochi Cooley, 1946, Rhipicephalus microplus (Canestrini, 1888), and Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) sensu lato. This study is therefore a significant contribution to our knowledge of the ticks associated with Brazilian raptors.
RESUMO
In a previous study in Brazil, six isolates of Sarcocystis spp. recovered from budgerigars fed sporocysts excreted by opossums of the genus Didelphis were characterized by means of sequencing fragments of gene coding cytochrome B (CYTB), internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1), and surface antigen genes (SAG2, SAG3 and SAG4). The isolates shared identical ITS1 and CYTB sequences, but differed at SAG2, SAG3 and SAG4: three allele variants of SAG2, 3 allele variants of SAG3 and 2 allele variants of SAG4 were encountered in three multilocus genotypes (MLGs) (MLG1, MLG2, and MLG3). At ITS1 and CYTB, all the isolates from budgerigars were identical to the Sarcocystis falcatula-like isolate 59-2016-RS-BR that was detected in a barefaced ibis (Phimosus infuscatus) causing necrotizing meningoencephalitis in Brazil. At ITS1 locus, all the above isolates were clearly distinct from Sarcocystis neurona, Sarcocystis falcatula, Sarcocystis lindsayi, and Sarcocystis speeri, the four known species of Sarcocystis that use opossums of the genus Didelphis as definitive hosts. Here, we replicated the experiment above to identify additional MLGs or other species of Sarcocystis. Fifteen budgerigars were experimentally infected with sporocysts of Sarcocystis spp. from 12 opossums of the genus Didelphis. All the birds died 9-19 days after infection and tissue samples containing merozoites and schizonts of Sarcocystis spp. were recovered. Fractions of sequences coding for 18S ribosomal RNA gene (18S), CYTB, ITS1, SAG2, SAG3 and SAG4 were PCR amplified and sequenced from the infected lungs. In addition, fractions of 18S, SAG2, SAG3 and SAG4 were sequenced from the isolate 59-2016-RS-BR and fractions of 18S were sequenced from the six isolates from budgerigars described above. From the results, all the isolates shared identical 18S, ITS1 and CYTB sequences. Among the 15 new isolates from budgerigars, three allele variants of SAG2, 3 allele variants of SAG3 and 2 allele variants of SAG4 were encountered in five MLGs, of which four were novel (MLG1, MLG4, MLG5, MLG6 and MLG7). Isolate 59-2016-RS-BR was assigned to an eighth MLG (MLG8). Molecular data pointed that Sarcocystis assigned to MLGs 1 to 8 are variants of the same species, but the SAG-based trees of the isolates conflicted, which supports genetic admixture among them. The sarcocystinae studied have high diversity of SAG alleles per locus and the correlation of such an abundant variety of SAG alleles to host specificity and pathogenicity needs to be assessed. Remains to be elucidated if the parasites studied here and S. falcatula are variants of the same species that have diverged to the point of possessing differences at ITS1 level, but that are still capable of exchanging genes.
Assuntos
Alelos , Antígenos de Protozoários/genética , Doenças das Aves/parasitologia , Gambás/parasitologia , Sarcocystis/genética , Sarcocistose/veterinária , Animais , Antígenos de Superfície/genética , Evolução Biológica , Aves , Encéfalo/parasitologia , Brasil , DNA de Protozoário/química , DNA de Protozoário/isolamento & purificação , Variação Genética/genética , Pulmão/parasitologia , Melopsittacus , Meningoencefalite/parasitologia , Meningoencefalite/veterinária , Tipagem de Sequências Multilocus , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , Guaxinins/parasitologia , Sarcocystis/classificação , Sarcocystis/imunologia , Sarcocystis/isolamento & purificação , Sarcocistose/parasitologia , Análise de Sequência de DNA/veterináriaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to investigate Flavivirus infection in birds captured in green areas of São Paulo. METHODS: Oropharyngeal swabs, cloacal swabs, and blood samples from 170 birds captured in two green areas in São Paulo, Brazil were subjected to real time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis of Flavivirus specific NS5 gene fragment. RESULTS: All samples were negative for the presence of viral ribonucleic acid (RNA). CONCLUSIONS: Despite the negative results, Flavivirus surveillance must be performed regularly due to favorable ecological conditions for virus circulation and transmission among birds in these areas and their close proximity to humans.