RESUMO
Edema is one of the obvious indicators of inflammation and a crucial factor to take into account when assessing a substance's capacity to reduce inflammation. We aimed to evaluate the antiedematogenic and anti-inflammatory profile of the hydroethanolic barks extract of Ximenia americana (HEXA). The possible antiedematogenic and anti-inflammatory effect of EHXA (50, 100 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg v.o) was evaluated using the paw edema induced by carrageenan, zymosan, dextran, CFA and by different agents inflammatory (serotonin, histamine, arachidonic acid and PGE2), and pleurisy model induced by carrageenan and its action on IL-1ß and TNF-α levels was also evaluated. HEXA demonstrated a significant antiedematogenic effect at concentrations of 50, 100 and 250 mg/kg on paw edema induced by carrageenan, zymosan and dextran. However, the concentration of 50 mg/kg as standard, demonstrating the effect in the subchronic model, induced CFA with inhibition of 59.06 %. In models of histamine-induced paw edema, HEXA showed inhibition of - 30 min: 40.49 %, 60 min: 44.70 % and 90 min: 48.98 %; serotonin inhibition - 30 min: 57.09 %, 60 min: 66.04 % and 90 min: 61.79 %; arachidonic acid inhibition - 15 min: 36.54 %, 30 min: 51.10 %, 45 min: 50.32 % and 60 min: 76.17 %; and PGE2 inhibition - 15 min: 67.78 %, 30 min: 62.30 %, 45 min: 54.25 % and 60 min: 47.92 %. HEXA significantly reduced (p < 0.01) leukocyte migration in the pleurisy model and reduced TNF-α and IL-1ß levels in pleural lavage (p < 0.0001). The results showed that HEXA has the potential to have an antiedematogenic impact in both acute and chronic inflammation processes, with a putative mode of action including the suppression or regulation of inflammatory mediators.
Assuntos
Olacaceae , Pleurisia , Ácido Araquidônico , Carragenina , Dextranos , Histamina , Casca de Planta , Serotonina , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa , Zimosan , Inflamação/induzido quimicamente , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Anti-Inflamatórios/uso terapêutico , Pleurisia/induzido quimicamente , Pleurisia/tratamento farmacológico , Dinoprostona , Modelos Teóricos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
PURPOSE: To date, seven species of Characithecium Mendonza-Franco, Reina and Torchin, 2009 (Monogenea, Dactylogyridae) are valid, parasitizing mainly fishes of the family Characidae (Characiformes) in the Neotropical region. During a parasitological study of fishes in the Batateiras River and Carás stream, Ceará state, Brazil, two species of Characithecium were collected from the gills of Astyanax bimaculatus Linnaeus, 1758 (Characidae). The purpose of the present study is to describe a new species of monogenean of the genus Characithecium and report Characithecium costaricensis Mendoza-Franco, Reina and Torchin, 2009 in A. bimaculatus, in Brazil. METHODS: Monogeneans were isolated from the gills and stored in 70% ethanol, mounted in Gray and Wess' medium or and in a mixture of glycerin ammonium picrate (GAP) to study sclerotized structures. Morphological analyses were performed with a computerized image analysis system with differential interference contrast (DIC). The drawings were obtained with the aid of a camera lucida mounted on a Leica DMLS microscope. RESULTS: Characithecium bifurcuprolatum n. sp. differs from its congenerics by the morphology of the accessory piece having a ventral unit articulated to cirrus base, a non-articulated dorsal and mid-ventral, and a sclerotized vaginal vestibule. Characithecium costaricensis was described from Astyanax aeneus (Günther, 1860) (Characidae) in Central America, and the present finding represents a new geographical and host records in Brazil. Furthermore, we observed the presence of a membrane at the base of the cirrus not mentioned in the original description. CONCLUSION: Our findings increase to eight the number of known species of the genus Characithecium parasitizing characids in neotropics. We verified some additional characteristics present in the two species studied, such as the presence of a membrane at the base of the cirrus, an accessory piece with two subunits (an articulated ventral and a dorsal non-articulated) and the presence of sclerotized vaginal vestibule.
Assuntos
Characidae , Caraciformes , Doenças dos Peixes , Trematódeos , Animais , Brasil , Feminino , Doenças dos Peixes/epidemiologia , Brânquias , RiosRESUMO
Wallinia caririensis n. sp. is described from the intestine of Astyanax bimaculatus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Characidae) collected in the Batateiras River in the municipality of Crato, Ceará state, Brazil. The description was based on integrative taxonomy approach using DNA sequences from the D1-D3 domains of the 28S rDNA gene. The new species was confirmed through the phylogenetic analysis of the 28S rDNA gene, which showed that Wallinia caririensis n. sp. is a sister taxon of Wallinia brasiliensis (Dias, Müller, Almeida, Silva, Azevedo, Pérez-Ponce de León, and Abdallah, 2018, and Wallinia anindoi Hernández-Mena, Pinacho-Pinacho, García-Varela, Mendonza-Garfias, and Pérez-Ponce de León, 2019), a species which parasitizes Astyanax fasciatus (Cuvier, 1819), A. lacustris (Lucena and Soares, 2016) in Brazil, and A. aeneus (Günther, 1860) in Mexico, with genetic divergences of 2% and 3%, respectively. The new species can be distinguished morphologically from its congeners by possessing large body size (length and width) and tapered extremity in the posterior end of the body, eyespots are present at the pharynx level, and vitelline follicles reach up to the half distance between the posterior testis and the extremity of the body, by having larger testes distributed in coincident zones (i.e., contiguous) and non-operculated eggs (a conspicuous characteristic in W. brasiliensis). To date, species of this genus have already been described in freshwater fishes from Mexico, Costa Rica, Venezuela, and Southeastern Brazil. The species described in this study consists of the second species parasitizing characids in Brazil, and the first record in Northeastern Brazil. This finding fills a gap and expands the biogeographic distribution of the genus Wallinia in South America.
Assuntos
Characidae/parasitologia , Doenças dos Peixes/parasitologia , Trematódeos/classificação , Trematódeos/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Trematódeos/veterinária , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Brasil , Costa Rica , DNA Ribossômico/genética , Intestinos/parasitologia , México , Filogenia , RNA Ribossômico 28S/genética , Rios/parasitologia , Trematódeos/genética , VenezuelaRESUMO
Background and objectives: Natural products such as essential oils with antioxidant potential can reduce the level of oxidative stress and prevent the oxidation of biomolecules. In the present study, we investigated the antioxidant potential of Lantana montevidensis leaf essential oil (EOLM) in chemical and biological models using Drosophila melanogaster. Materials and methods: in addition, the chemical components of the oil were identified and quantified by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the percentage compositions were obtained from electronic integration measurements using flame ionization detection (FID). Results: our results demonstrated that EOLM is rich in terpenes with Germacrene-D (31.27%) and ß-caryophyllene (28.15%) as the major components. EOLM (0.12-0.48 g/mL) was ineffective in scavenging DPPH radical, and chelating Fe(II), but showed reducing activity at 0.24 g/mL and 0.48 g/mL. In in vivo studies, exposure of D. melanogaster to EOLM (0.12-0.48 g/mL) for 5 h resulted in 10% mortality; no change in oxidative stress parameters such as total thiol, non-protein thiol, and malondialdehyde contents, in comparison to control (p > 0.05). Conclusions: taken together, our results indicate EOLM may not be toxic at the concentrations tested, and thus may not be suitable for the development of new botanical insecticides, such as fumigants or spray-type control agents against Drosophila melanogaster.
Assuntos
Drosophila melanogaster/química , Lantana/toxicidade , Animais , Antioxidantes/farmacocinética , Antioxidantes/uso terapêutico , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas/métodos , Humanos , Lantana/metabolismo , Óleos Voláteis/farmacocinética , Óleos Voláteis/toxicidade , Extratos Vegetais/farmacocinética , Extratos Vegetais/toxicidadeRESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-edematogenic activity of X. americana L. (HEXA) hydroethanolic extract in ear edema models (acute and chronic) induced by croton oil and by different phlogistic agents (arachidonic acid, capsaicin, phenol and histamine), identifying the possible anti-edematogenic mechanism. HEXA demonstrated a significant anti-edematogenic effect at concentrations of 100-500⯵g/ear in ear edema induced by croton oil with higher inhibition of edema of 39.37. However, the concentrations of 100 and 200⯵g/ear were taken as a standard, demonstrating the effect in the chronic model induced by croton oil with inhibition of 61.62% and 48.74%. In the AA-induced ear edema model, HEXA showed inhibition of: 24.45% and 32.31%; capsaicin inhibition of 72.72% and 47.57%; phenol inhibition of 34% and 20.1%; and histamine inhibition of 31.8% and 21.62%. Then, the results were showed that HEXA demonstrated an anti-edematogenic effect in acute and chronic inflammation models, demonstrating a probable mechanism of action by the inhibition or modulation of key mediators of the inflammatory process. The chemical profile and presence of flavonoids guaranteeing a profile of activity similar to natural drugs that act or modulate the production of mediators of inflammations.
Assuntos
Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Dermatite/tratamento farmacológico , Edema/tratamento farmacológico , Olacaceae/química , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Animais , Ácido Araquidônico/efeitos adversos , Ácido Araquidônico/antagonistas & inibidores , Capsaicina/efeitos adversos , Capsaicina/antagonistas & inibidores , Óleo de Cróton/toxicidade , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Edema/induzido quimicamente , Feminino , Histamina/efeitos adversos , Antagonistas dos Receptores Histamínicos/uso terapêutico , Camundongos , Fenol/efeitos adversos , Fenol/antagonistas & inibidoresRESUMO
Cyclodextrins (CDs) are cyclic oligosaccharides can enhance the bioavailability of drugs. Ocimum basilicum is an aromatic plant found in Brazil used in culinary. The essential oil of this plant presents anti-edematogenic and anti-inflammatory activities in acute and chronic inflammation. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of the essential oil obtained from O. basilicum complexed with ß - cyclodextrin (OBEO/ß-CD) in mice. The complexation with ß-cyclodextrin (ß-CD) was performed by different methods and analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TG) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using mice models of paw edema induced by carrageenan, dextran, histamine and arachidonic acid (AA); vascular permeability and peritonitis induced by carrageenan and granuloma induced by cotton block introduction. The DSC, TG and SEM analysis indicated that the OBEO was successfully complexed with ß-CD. The oral administration of OEOB/ß-CD prevented paw edema formation by decreasing vascular permeability in vivo, inhibited leukocyte recruitment to the peritoneal cavity, and inhibited granuloma formation in mice. Our results indicate that conjugation with ß-CD improves the anti-inflammatory effects of OBEO in mice models of acute and chronic inflammation, indicating that this complex can be used in anti-inflammatory drug development.