RESUMO
Infectious diseases account for 25% of the causes of death worldwide and this rate is expected to increase due to antibiotic resistance. Among the bacteria associated with healthcare infections, Staphylococcus aureus is a prevalent pathogen and about 50% of the isolates are found to be methicillin-resistant. Here we describe the identification of ticarcillin as a weak binder of the S. aureus UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase. After a docking screening, ticarcillin was identified as a ligand in using the recently proposed isothermal analysis of differential scanning fluorimetry data. Finally, an equilibrium MD simulation confirmed the docking binding mode as a stable pose, with large contributions to the binding energy coming from interactions between Arg206 and Arg207 and the carboxylate groups in ticarcillin.
Assuntos
Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina , Staphylococcus aureus , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Carboidratos Epimerases/metabolismo , Staphylococcus aureus/metabolismo , Ticarcilina , beta-LactamasRESUMO
Staphylococcus aureus is an important cause of resistant healthcare-associated infections. It has been shown that the wall teichoic acid (WTA) may be an important drug target acting on antibiotic-resistant cells. The UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase, MnaA, is one of the first enzymes on the pathway for the biosynthesis of the WTA. Here, detailed molecular dynamics simulations of S. aureus MnaA were used to characterize the conformational changes that occur in the presence of UDP and UDP-GlcNac and also the energetic landscape associated with these changes. Using different simulation techniques, such as ABMD and GAMD, it was possible to assess the energetic profile for the protein with and without ligands in its active site. We found that there is a dynamic energy landscape that has its minimum changed by the presence of the ligands, with a closed structure of the enzyme being more frequently observed for the bound state while the unbound enzyme favors an opened conformation. Further structural analysis indicated that positively charged amino acids associated with UDP and UDP-GlcNac interactions play a major role in the enzyme opening movement. Finally, the energy landscape profiled in this work provides important conclusions for the design of inhibitor candidates targeting S. aureus MnaA.
Assuntos
Infecções Estafilocócicas/enzimologia , Staphylococcus aureus/enzimologia , Ácidos Teicoicos/química , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Aminoácidos/química , Carboidratos Epimerases/química , Carboidratos Epimerases/metabolismo , Carboidratos Epimerases/ultraestrutura , Domínio Catalítico/efeitos dos fármacos , Parede Celular/enzimologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana/genética , Metabolismo Energético/genética , Glucosamina/análogos & derivados , Glucosamina/química , Humanos , Ligantes , Simulação de Dinâmica Molecular , Conformação Proteica/efeitos dos fármacos , Domínios Proteicos/genética , Infecções Estafilocócicas/genética , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologia , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus/patogenicidade , Difosfato de Uridina/químicaRESUMO
Hsp90s are key proteins in cellular homeostasis since they interact with many client proteins. Several studies indicated that Hsp90s are potential targets for treating diseases, such as cancer or malaria. It has been shown that Hsp90s from different organisms have peculiarities despite their high sequence identity. Therefore, a detailed comparative analysis of several Hsp90 proteins is relevant to the overall understanding of their activity. Accordingly, the goal of this work was to evaluate the interaction of either ADP or ATP with recombinant Hsp90s from different organisms (human α and ß isoforms, Plasmodium falciparum, Leishmania braziliensis, yeast and sugarcane) by isothermal titration calorimetry. The measured thermodynamic signatures of those interactions indicated that despite the high identity among all Hsp90s, they have specific thermodynamic characteristics. Specifically, the interactions with ADP are driven by enthalpy but are opposed by entropy, whereas the interaction with ATP is driven by both enthalpy and entropy. Complimentary structural and molecular dynamics studies suggested that specific interactions with ADP that differ from those with ATP may contribute to the observed enthalpies and entropies. Altogether, the data suggest that selective inhibition may be more easily achieved using analogues of the Hsp90-ADP bound state than those of Hsp90-ATP bound state.