RESUMO
AIMS: Quality evaluation of fresh whitemouth croaker (Micropogonias furnieri) by histamine determination using the HPLC-DAD method and quantification of histamine-forming bacteria using NGS and qPCR. METHODS AND RESULTS: The histamine content of fresh whitemouth croaker was detected by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector with a concentration ranging from 258·52 to 604·62 mg kg-1 being observed. The number of histidine decarboxylase (hdc gene) copies from Gram-negative bacteria and the bacteria Morganella morganii and Enterobacter aerogenes were quantified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. All samples were positive, with copy numbers of the hdc gene ranging from 4·67 to 12·01 log10 per g. The microbial community was determined by sequencing the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene using the Ion Torrent platform. The bioinformatics data generated by frog software showed that the phylum Proteobacteria was the most abundant, with the family Moraxellaceae being more prevalent in samples collected in the summer, whereas the Pseudomonadaceae was more present in the winter. CONCLUSIONS: All fish muscle samples analysed in this study presented histamine values higher than those allowed by CODEX Alimentarius. Additionally, a wide variety of spoilage micro-organisms capable of expressing the enzyme histidine decarboxylase were detected. Thus, improvements in handling and processing are required to minimize the prevalence of histamine-producing bacteria in fish. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Global fish production in 2016 was 171 million tons, with the largest consumer being China, followed by Indonesia and the USA. In Brazil, 1·3 million tons of fish are consumed per year, with whitemouth croaker being the main fish landed. Notably, cases associated with histamine poisoning are quite common. According to the European Food Safety Authority and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, a total of 599 HFP outbreaks were identified in the European Union during the period 2010-2017. In the USA, there were 333 outbreaks with 1383 people involved between 1998 and 2008.
Assuntos
Qualidade dos Alimentos , Histamina/análise , Perciformes/microbiologia , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Alimentos Marinhos/microbiologia , Animais , Bactérias/classificação , Bactérias/genética , Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Bactérias/metabolismo , Brasil , Histamina/biossíntese , Histidina Descarboxilase/genética , Histidina Descarboxilase/metabolismo , Microbiota/genéticaRESUMO
This is the first study analyzing concomitantly osteoprotegerin (OPG)/receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) polymorphisms and OPG/RANKL serum levels and their association with bone mineral density (BMD), vertebral fractures, and vascular aortic calcification in a cohort of 800 subjects in community-dwelling older individuals. INTRODUCTION: Osteoprotegerin (OPG) and RANKL play an important role in osteoclast activation and differentiation as well as in vascular calcification. At present, there are no studies of OPG or RANKL gene polymorphisms in Brazilian older populations. The aim of this study was to evaluate OPG/RANKL polymorphism and their association with vertebral fractures (VFs) and aortic calcification. METHODS: Eight hundred subjects (497 women/303 men) were genotyped for the OPG 1181G>C (rs2073618), 163C>T (rs3102735), 245T>G (rs3134069), and 209G>A (rs3134070) and RANKL A>G (rs2277438) single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). VFs were evaluated by spine radiography (Genant's method). Aortic calcification was quantified using Kauppila's method. RESULTS: The isolated genotype analyses and single-allele frequency data showed association of OPG 163C, 245G, and 209A alleles with presence of VFs (P < 0.05). Multiple logistic regression of subjects with absence of VFs vs. those with VFs (grades II/III) revealed only OPG 209A homozygosity as a risk factor for higher-grade VFs (odds ratio (OR) = 4.17, 95 % CI 1.03-16.93, P = 0.046). Regarding aortic calcification, the isolated genotype analysis frequency data revealed a significant association of OPG 1181G, 163C, 245G, and 209A alleles with absent aortic calcification (P < 0.05). Multiple logistic regression data confirmed that the OPG 209A allele was protective for aortic calcification (OR = 0.63, 95 % CI 0.45-0.88, P = 0.007) and the OPG 1181C allele was a risk factor for aortic calcification (OR = 1.26, 95 % CI 1.00-1.58, P = 0.046). CONCLUSION: This study showed that the OPG 209AA genotype was a risk factor for higher-grade VFs, the OPG 209A allele was protective for aortic calcification, and the OPG 1181C was a risk factor for aortic calcification, supporting the involvement of OPG polymorphisms in the analyzed phenotypes and the concept that the related pathogenesis is multifactorial.
Assuntos
Aorta/patologia , Calcinose/patologia , Osteoprotegerina/genética , Ligante RANK/genética , Fraturas da Coluna Vertebral/genética , Idoso , Envelhecimento , Densidade Óssea , Brasil , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Osteoprotegerina/sangue , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Ligante RANK/sangueRESUMO
Malignant syphilis is an uncommon, but not unknown, ulcerative variation of secondary syphilis. The lesions typically begin as papules, which quickly evolve to pustules and then to ulcers with elevated edges and central necrosis. It is usually, but not mandatory, found in patients with some level of immunosuppression, such as HIV patients, when the TCD4(+) cell count is >200 cells/mm(3). Despite the anxiety the lesions cause, this form of the disease has a good prognosis. The general symptoms disappear right after the beginning of treatment, and lesions disappear over a variable period. This study reports the case of a 27-year-old man who has been HIV positive for 6 years, uses antiretroviral therapy incorrectly, has a TCD4(+) cell count of 340 cells/mm(3), a VDRL of 1:128 and itchy disseminated hyperchromic maculopapular lesions with rupioid crusts compatible with malignant syphilis.
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Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/diagnóstico , Coinfecção , Sífilis/diagnóstico , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/tratamento farmacológico , Adulto , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade , Homossexualidade Masculina , Humanos , Masculino , Pele/patologia , Sífilis/tratamento farmacológico , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND AIM: To evaluate the effects of low or high salt intake during pregnancy on left ventricle of adult male offspring. METHODS AND RESULTS: Low- (LS, 0.15%), normal- (NS, 1.3%) or high-salt (HS, 8% NaCl) diet was given to Wistar rats during pregnancy. During lactation all dams received NS as well as the offspring after weaning. To evaluate cardiac response to salt overload, 50% of each offspring group was fed a high-salt (hs, 4% NaCl) diet from the 21st to the 36th week of age (LShs, NShs, HShs). The remaining 50% was maintained on NS (LSns, NSns and HSns). Echocardiography was done at 20 and 30 weeks of age. Mean blood pressure (MBP), histology and left ventricular angiotensin II content (AII) were analyzed at 36 weeks of age. Interventricular septum, left ventricular posterior wall and relative wall thickness increased from the 20th to the 30th week of age only in HShs, cardiomyocyte mean volume was higher in HShs compared to NShs, LShs and HSns. AII and left ventricular fibrosis were not different among groups. CONCLUSIONS: HS during pregnancy programs adult male offspring to a blood pressure and angiotensin II independent concentric left ventricular hypertrophy, with no fibrosis, in response to a chronic high-salt intake.
Assuntos
Miocárdio/ultraestrutura , Cloreto de Sódio na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Cloreto de Sódio na Dieta/efeitos adversos , Angiotensina II/sangue , Animais , Pressão Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Ecocardiografia , Feminino , Ventrículos do Coração/efeitos dos fármacos , Ventrículos do Coração/fisiopatologia , Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda/etiologia , Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Peptidil Dipeptidase A/genética , Peptidil Dipeptidase A/metabolismo , Potássio/sangue , Gravidez , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/etiologia , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/fisiopatologia , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Sistema Renina-Angiotensina/efeitos dos fármacos , Sistema Renina-Angiotensina/genética , Sódio/sangue , Sódio/urinaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The use of ultrasound (US) in regional anaesthesia enables a reduction in the local anaesthetic volume. The present study aimed to determine the minimum effective volume (MEV(90)) of 0.5% bupivacaine with epinephrine for interscalene brachial plexus block (ISBPB). METHODS: The volume of the anaesthetic was determined using a step-up/step-down method and was based on the outcome of the preceding block. A positive or negative block resulted in a 1 ml reduction or increase in volume, respectively. The success of the block was defined as the presence of motor block in three muscle groups and the absence of thermal and pain sensations in three dermatomes within 30 min of the injection. Diaphragmatic paralysis and analgesia were assessed at 30 min, 4, and 6 h. RESULTS: The MEV(90) for US-guided brachial plexus block under the conditions of the present study was 0.95 ml [R(2): 0.97, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.6-1.22 ml]. The estimated maximum volume that did not cause diaphragmatic block was 4.29 ml (R(2): 0.84, 95% CI: 3.56-4.98 ml). Effective postoperative analgesia was achieved with 2.34 ml (R(2): 0.87, 95% CI: 0.48-11.47 ml). CONCLUSIONS: The MEV(90) of 0.5% bupivacaine with epinephrine (1:200 000) for US-guided ISBPB was 0.95 ml. Adequate postoperative analgesia and a reduced incidence of diaphragmatic block can be obtained using from 2.34 to 4.29 ml. ClinicalTrials.gov. Registry NCT01244932.
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Anestésicos Locais , Plexo Braquial , Bupivacaína , Epinefrina , Bloqueio Nervoso/métodos , Ultrassonografia de Intervenção , Vasoconstritores , Adulto , Idoso , Anestésicos Locais/administração & dosagem , Bupivacaína/administração & dosagem , Epinefrina/administração & dosagem , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Contração Muscular/efeitos dos fármacos , Medição da Dor , Dor Pós-Operatória/tratamento farmacológico , Extremidade Superior/fisiologia , Vasoconstritores/administração & dosagem , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Desserts made with soy cream, which are oil-in-water emulsions, are widely consumed by lactose-intolerant individuals in Brazil. In this regard, this study aimed at using response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize the sensory attributes of a soy-based emulsion over a range of pink guava juice (GJ: 22% to 32%) and soy protein (SP: 1% to 3%). WHC and backscattering were analyzed after 72 h of storage at 7 degrees C. Furthermore, a rating test was performed to determine the degree of liking of color, taste, creaminess, appearance, and overall acceptability. The data showed that the samples were stable against gravity and storage. The models developed by RSM adequately described the creaminess, taste, and appearance of the emulsions. The response surface of the desirability function was used successfully in the optimization of the sensory properties of dairy-free emulsions, suggesting that a product with 30.35% GJ and 3% SP was the best combination of these components. The optimized sample presented suitable sensory properties, in addition to being a source of dietary fiber, iron, copper, and ascorbic acid.
Assuntos
Fenômenos Químicos , Análise de Alimentos , Conservação de Alimentos , Tecnologia de Alimentos/métodos , Sensação , Bebidas/análise , Bebidas/microbiologia , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana , Dieta Vegetariana , Emulsões/química , Manipulação de Alimentos , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Preferências Alimentares , Frutas/microbiologia , Humanos , Intolerância à Lactose , Modelos Estatísticos , Psidium/microbiologia , Alimentos de Soja/análise , Alimentos de Soja/microbiologia , Água/análiseRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: We sought to evaluate 2 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the C-reactive protein (CRP) gene promoter region for their effects on CRP levels in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients before and after a successful kidney transplantation. METHODS: Fifty CKD patients were evaluated before and at the first and second years after the graft. Two SNPs were studied, a bi-allelic (G-->A) at the -409 and a tri-allelic (C-->T-->A) variation at the -390 position in the CRP gene. RESULTS: All patients presented the -409GG genotype. At the -390 position, the "A" allele was not found; there were 15 "CC" patients, 11 "TT" patients, and 24 "CT" patients. CRP levels were different among patients with various genotypes (P < .019). Also the presence of the allele "T" was sufficient to determine differences in CRP levels both in pretransplantation (P = .045) and at 1 year posttransplantation (P = .011), but not at the second year (P = .448). CONCLUSION: SNPs at the -390 position of the CRP gene promoter region influence CRP basal levels in such a way that the "C" allele correlated with the lowest and the "T" with the highest. We did not observe this influence in our patients at the second year posttransplantation.
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Proteína C-Reativa/genética , Falência Renal Crônica/cirurgia , Transplante de Rim/fisiologia , Polimorfismo Genético , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Adulto , Proteína C-Reativa/metabolismo , Cadáver , Primers do DNA , Feminino , Seguimentos , Variação Genética , Genótipo , Humanos , Falência Renal Crônica/sangue , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Doadores de TecidosRESUMO
Acute kidney injury (AKI) following cardiac surgery (AKICS) is associated with increased postoperative (post-op) morbidity and mortality. A prognostic score system for AKI would help anticipate patient (pt) treatment. To develop a predictive score (AKICS) for AKI following cardiac surgery, we used a broad definition of AKI, which included perioperative variables. Six hundred three pts undergoing cardiac surgery were prospectively evaluated for AKI defined as serum creatinine above 2.0 mg/dl or an increase of 50% above baseline value. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to evaluate pre-, intra-, and post-op parameters associated with AKI. The AKICS scoring system was prospectively validated in a new data set of 215 pts with an incidence of AKI of 14%. Variables included in the AKICS score were age greater than 65, pre-op creatinine above 1.2 mg/dl, pre-op capillary glucose above 140 mg/dl, heart failure, combined surgeries, cardiopulmonary bypass time above 2 h, low cardiac output, and low central venous pressure. The AKICS score presented good calibration and discrimination in both the study group and validation data set. The AKICS system that we developed, which incorporates five risk categories, accurately predicts AKI following cardiac surgery.
Assuntos
Injúria Renal Aguda/diagnóstico , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Cardíacos/efeitos adversos , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/diagnóstico , Injúria Renal Aguda/etiologia , Idoso , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Eletivos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/etiologia , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Prognóstico , Estudos Prospectivos , Curva ROC , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
In this study, we explored the role of chronic exposure to urban air pollution in causing DNA damage (micronuclei frequency in peripheral erythrocytes) in rodents in vivo. Mice (n=20) were exposed to the urban atmosphere of São Paulo for 120 days (February to June 1999) and compared to animals (n=20) maintained in the countryside (Atibaia) for the same period. Daily levels of inhalable particles (PM10), CO, NO(2), and SO(2), were available for São Paulo. Occasional measurements of CO and O(3) were made in Atibaia, showing negligible levels of pollution in the area. The frequency of micronuclei (repeated-measures ANOVA) increased with aging, the highest values obtained for the 90th day of experiment (P<0.001). The exposure to urban air pollution elicited a significant (P=0.016) increase of micronuclei frequency, with no significant interaction with time of study. Associations (Spearman's correlation) between pollution levels of the week that precede blood sampling and micronuclei counts were observed in São Paulo. The associations between micronuclei counts and air pollution were particularly strong for pollutants associated with automotive emissions, such as CO (P=0.037), NO(2) (P<0.001), and PM10 (P<0.001). Our results support the concept that urban levels of air pollution may cause somatic mutations.