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The reaction of (2E)-N-phenyl-2-[(2E)-3-phenyl-2-propen-1-yl-idene]hydra-zine-carbo-thio-amide (common name: cinnamaldehyde-4-phenyl-thio-semi-carbazone) deprotonated with NaOH in ethanol with an ethano-lic suspension of PdII chloride in a 2:1 molar ratio yielded the title compound, [Pd(C16H14N3S)2]. The anionic ligands act as metal chelators, κ2 N 1 S-donors, forming five-membered rings with a trans-configuration. The PdII ion is fourfold coordinated in a slightly distorted square-planar geometry. For each ligand, one Hâ¯S and one Hâ¯N intra-molecular inter-actions are observed, with S(5) and S(6) graph-set motifs. Concerning the Hâ¯S inter-actions, the coordination sphere resembles a hydrogen-bonded macrocyclic environment-type. In the crystal, the complexes are linked via pairs of Hâ¯S inter-actions, with graph-set motif R 2 2(8), and building a mono-periodic hydrogen-bonded ribbon along [001]. The Hirshfeld surface analysis indicates that the major contributions for the crystal cohesion are: Hâ¯H (45.3%), Hâ¯C/Câ¯H (28.0%), Hâ¯S/Sâ¯H (8.0%) and Hâ¯N/Nâ¯H (7.4%).
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The reaction between a racemic mixture of (R,S)-fixolide and 4-methyl-thio-semicarbazide in ethanol with a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio and catalysed with HCl, yielded the title compound, C20H31N3S [common name: (R,S)-fixolide 4-methyl-thio-semicarbazone]. There is one crystallographically independent mol-ecule in the asymmetric unit, which is disordered over the aliphatic ring [site-occupancy ratio = 0.667â (13):0.333â (13)]. The disorder includes the chiral C atom, the neighbouring methyl-ene group and the methyl H atoms of the methyl group bonded to the chiral C atom. The maximum deviations from the mean plane through the disordered aliphatic ring amount to 0.328â (6) and -0.334â (6)â Å [r.m.s.d. = 0.2061â Å], and -0.3677â (12) and 0.3380â (12)â Å [r.m.s.d. = 0.2198â Å] for the two different sites. Both fragments show a half-chair conformation. Additionally, the N-N-C(=S)-N entity is approximately planar, with the maximum deviation from the mean plane through the selected atoms being 0.0135â (18)â Å [r.m.s.d. = 0.0100â Å]. The mol-ecule is not planar due to the dihedral angle between the thio-semicarbazone entity and the aromatic ring, which amounts to 51.8â (1)°, and due to the sp 3-hybridized carbon atoms of the fixolide fragment. In the crystal, the mol-ecules are connected by Hâ¯S inter-actions with graph-set motif C(4), forming a mono-periodic hydrogen-bonded ribbon along [100]. The Hirshfeld surface analysis suggests that the major contributions for the crystal cohesion are [(R,S)-isomers considered separately] Hâ¯H (75.7%), Hâ¯S/Sâ¯H (11.6%), Hâ¯C/Câ¯H (8.3% and Hâ¯N/Nâ¯H (4.4% for both of them).
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The reaction between the (R,S)-fixolide 4-methyl-thio-semicarbazone and PdII chloride yielded the title compound, [Pd(C20H30N3S)2]·C2H6O {common name: trans-bis-[(R,S)-fixolide 4-methyl-thio-semicarbazonato-κ2 N 2 S]palladium(II) ethanol monosolvate}. The asymmetric unit of the title compound consists of one bis-thio-semicarbazonato PdII complex and one ethanol solvent mol-ecule. The thio-semicarbazononato ligands act as metal chelators with a trans configuration in a distorted square-planar geometry. A C-Hâ¯S intra-molecular inter-action, with graph-set motif S(6), is observed and the coordination sphere resembles a hydrogen-bonded macrocyclic environment. Additionally, one C-Hâ¯Pd anagostic inter-action can be suggested. Each ligand is disordered over the aliphatic ring, which adopts a half-chair conformation, and two methyl groups [s.o.f. = 0.624â (2):0.376â (2)]. The disorder includes the chiral carbon atoms and, remarkably, one ligand has the (R)-isomer with the highest s.o.f. value atoms, while the other one shows the opposite, the atoms with the highest s.o.f. value are associated with the (S)-isomer. The N-N-C(=S)-N fragments of the ligands are approximately planar, with the maximum deviations from the mean plane through the selected atoms being 0.0567â (1) and -0.0307â (8)â Å (r.m.s.d. = 0.0403 and 0.0269â Å) and the dihedral angle with the respective aromatic rings amount to 46.68â (5) and 50.66â (4)°. In the crystal, the complexes are linked via pairs of N-Hâ¯S inter-actions, with graph-set motif R 2 2(8), into centrosymmetric dimers. The dimers are further connected by centrosymmetric pairs of ethanol mol-ecules, building mono-periodic hydrogen-bonded ribbons along [011]. The Hirshfeld surface analysis indicates that the major contributions for the crystal cohesion are [atoms with highest/lowest s.o.f.s considered separately]: Hâ¯H (81.6/82.0%), Hâ¯C/Câ¯H (6.5/6.4%), Hâ¯N/Nâ¯H (5.2/5.0%) and Hâ¯S/Sâ¯H (5.0/4.9%).
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The congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) epidemic in Brazil turned the spotlight on many other factors beyond illness, such as poverty, gender, and inequalities in health care. Women were the emblematic subjects in this study, not only because Zika virus is a vertical transmission disease, but also because women-in Brazil and elsewhere-typically represent the primary carers of children. This is a qualitative analytic study using semi-structured interviews with 23 female family carers of children with CZS in Brazil. Through the concept of biographical disruption, we analysed some of the social impacts experienced by women involved in caring for affected children. We identified that the arrival of a child with disabilities resulted in biographical disruption similar to that experienced by people with chronic illnesses. Social support networks were configured through an alliance between women from different generations, revealing solidarity networks, but also highlighting the absence of the state in tackling these social vulnerabilities. Tracing the pathways of these biographical narratives enables us to understand how women have acted to defend the value of their disabled children in a society structured on the model of body normativity and inequality. These results may provide clues to a more inclusive society, which confronts systems of gender oppression and the sexual division of labour focused on women.
Assuntos
Cuidadores , Cuidado da Criança , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/virologia , Infecção por Zika virus/epidemiologia , Zika virus , Brasil/epidemiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Microcefalia/epidemiologia , Microcefalia/etiologia , Mutação , Gravidez , Vigilância em Saúde Pública , Saúde da Mulher , Zika virus/genética , Infecção por Zika virus/complicações , Infecção por Zika virus/transmissão , Infecção por Zika virus/virologiaRESUMO
This article investigates how hope and trust played out for two groups at the forefront of the Zika epidemic: caregivers of children with congenital Zika syndrome and healthcare workers. We conducted 76 in-depth interviews with members of both groups to examine hope and trust in clinical settings, as well as trust in public institutions, in the health system and in the government of Brazil. During and after the Zika epidemic, hope and trust were important to manage uncertainty and risk, given the lack of scientific evidence about the neurological consequences of Zika virus infection. The capacity of healthcare workers and caregivers to trust and to co-create hope seems to have allowed relationships to develop that cushioned social impacts, reinforced adherence to therapeutics and enabled information flow. Hope facilitated parents to trust healthcare workers and interventions. Hope and trust appeared to be central in the establishment of support networks for caregivers. At the same time, mistrust in the government and state institutions may have allowed rumours and alternative explanations about Zika to spread. It may also have strengthened activism in mother's associations, which seemed to have both positive and negative implications for healthcare service delivery. The findings also point to distrust in international health actors and global health agenda, which can impact community engagement in future outbreak responses in Brazil and other countries in Latin America.
Assuntos
Epidemias , Infecção por Zika virus , Zika virus , Brasil/epidemiologia , Cuidadores , Criança , Pessoal de Saúde , Humanos , América Latina , ConfiançaRESUMO
The reaction in methanol of CuII acetate monohydrate with 5-fluoro-isatin 3-oxime deprotonated with KOH in a 1:2 molar ratio and recrystallization from pyridine yielded the title compound, [Cu(C8H4FN2O2)2(C5H5N)2]. In the centrosymmetric complex, the anionic form of the isatin oxime acts as a κ2N,O donor, building five-membered metallarings. The CuII cation is sixfold coordinated in a slightly distorted octa-hedral environment by two trans, equatorial, anionic isatin derivatives and two trans pyridine ligands in axial positions. The complexes are linked by hydrogen bonding into a three-dimensional network, which is also stabilized by π-π stacking inter-actions [centroid-to-centroid distance = 3.7352â (9)â Å] and C-Hâ¯π contacts. The Hirshfeld surface analysis indicates that the major contributions for the crystal packing are Hâ¯H (31.80%), Hâ¯C (24.30%), Hâ¯O (15.20%) and Hâ¯F (10.80%). This work is the second report in the literature of a crystal structure of a coordination compound with isatin 3-oxime ligands (coordination chemistry).
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BACKGROUND: A Zika virus epidemic emerged in northeast Brazil in 2015 and was followed by a striking increase in congenital microcephaly cases, triggering a declaration of an international public health emergency. This is the final report of the first case-control study evaluating the potential causes of microcephaly: congenital Zika virus infection, vaccines, and larvicides. The published preliminary report suggested a strong association between microcephaly and congenital Zika virus infection. METHODS: We did a case-control study in eight public maternity hospitals in Recife, Brazil. Cases were neonates born with microcephaly, defined as a head circumference of 2 SD below the mean. Two controls without microcephaly were matched to each case by expected date of delivery and area of residence. We tested the serum of cases and controls and the CSF of cases for detection of Zika virus genomes with quantitative RT-PCR and for detection of IgM antibodies with capture-IgM ELISA. We also tested maternal serum with plaque reduction neutralisation assays for Zika and dengue viruses. We estimated matched crude and adjusted odds ratios with exact conditional logistic regression to determine the association between microcephaly and Zika virus infection. FINDINGS: We screened neonates born between Jan 15 and Nov 30, 2016, and prospectively recruited 91 cases and 173 controls. In 32 (35%) cases, congenital Zika virus infection was confirmed by laboratory tests and no controls had confirmed Zika virus infections. 69 (83%) of 83 cases with known birthweight were small for gestational age, compared with eight (5%) of 173 controls. The overall matched odds ratio was 73·1 (95% CI 13·0-∞) for microcephaly and Zika virus infection after adjustments. Neither vaccination during pregnancy or use of the larvicide pyriproxyfen was associated with microcephaly. Results of laboratory tests for Zika virus and brain imaging results were available for 79 (87%) cases; within these cases, ten were positive for Zika virus and had cerebral abnormalities, 13 were positive for Zika infection but had no cerebral abnormalities, and 11 were negative for Zika virus but had cerebral abnormalities. INTERPRETATION: The association between microcephaly and congenital Zika virus infection was confirmed. We provide evidence of the absence of an effect of other potential factors, such as exposure to pyriproxyfen or vaccines (tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis, measles and rubella, or measles, mumps, and rubella) during pregnancy, confirming the findings of an ecological study of pyriproxyfen in Pernambuco and previous studies on the safety of Tdap vaccine administration during pregnancy. FUNDING: Brazilian Ministry of Health, Pan American Health Organization, and Enhancing Research Activity in Epidemic Situations.
Assuntos
Infecção por Zika virus/complicações , Infecção por Zika virus/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Brasil/epidemiologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Microcefalia , Mães , Fatores de Risco , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The microcephaly epidemic, which started in Brazil in 2015, was declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern by WHO in 2016. We report the preliminary results of a case-control study investigating the association between microcephaly and Zika virus infection during pregnancy. METHODS: We did this case-control study in eight public hospitals in Recife, Brazil. Cases were neonates with microcephaly. Two controls (neonates without microcephaly), matched by expected date of delivery and area of residence, were selected for each case. Serum samples of cases and controls and cerebrospinal fluid samples of cases were tested for Zika virus-specific IgM and by quantitative RT-PCR. Laboratory-confirmed Zika virus infection during pregnancy was defined as detection of Zika virus-specific IgM or a positive RT-PCR result in neonates. Maternal serum samples were tested by plaque reduction neutralisation assay for Zika virus and dengue virus. We estimated crude odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs using a median unbiased estimator for binary data in an unconditional logistic regression model. We estimated ORs separately for cases with and without radiological evidence of brain abnormalities. FINDINGS: Between Jan 15, 2016, and May 2, 2016, we prospectively recruited 32 cases and 62 controls. 24 (80%) of 30 mothers of cases had Zika virus infection compared with 39 (64%) of 61 mothers of controls (p=0·12). 13 (41%) of 32 cases and none of 62 controls had laboratory-confirmed Zika virus infection; crude overall OR 55·5 (95% CI 8·6-∞); OR 113·3 (95% CI 14·5-∞) for seven cases with brain abnormalities; and OR 24·7 (95% CI 2·9-∞) for four cases without brain abnormalities. INTERPRETATION: Our data suggest that the microcephaly epidemic is a result of congenital Zika virus infection. We await further data from this ongoing study to assess other potential risk factors and to confirm the strength of association in a larger sample size. FUNDING: Brazilian Ministry of Health, Pan American Health Organization, and Enhancing Research Activity in Epidemic Situations.