RESUMO

Promoting animal welfare in wildlife species under human care requires the implementation of techniques for continuously monitoring their health. Infrared thermography is a non-invasive tool that uses the radiation emitted from the skin of animals to assess their thermal state. However, there are no established thermal windows in wildlife species because factors such as the thickness or color of the skin, type/length of coat, or presence of fur can influence the readings taken to obtain objective, sensitive values. Therefore, this review aims to discuss the usefulness and application of the ocular, nasal, thoracic, abdominal, and podal anatomical regions as thermal windows for evaluating zoo animals' thermal response and health status. A literature search of the Web of Science, Science Direct, and PubMed databases was performed to identify relevant studies that used IRT with wild species as a complementary diagnostic tool. Implementing IRT in zoos or conservation centers could also serve as a method for determining and monitoring optimal habitat designs to meet the needs of specific animals. In addition, we analyze the limitations of using IRT with various wildlife species under human care to understand better the differences among animals and the factors that must be considered when using infrared thermography.

RESUMO

This review presents and analyzes recent scientific findings on the structure, physiology, and neurotransmission mechanisms of transient receptor potential (TRP) and their function in the thermoregulation of mammals. The aim is to better understand the functionality of these receptors and their role in maintaining the temperature of animals, or those susceptible to thermal stress. The majority of peripheral receptors are TRP cation channels formed from transmembrane proteins that function as transductors through changes in the membrane potential. TRP are classified into seven families and two groups. The data gathered for this review include controversial aspects because we do not fully know the mechanisms that operate the opening and closing of the TRP gates. Deductions, however, suggest the intervention of mechanisms related to G protein-coupled receptors, dephosphorylation, and ligands. Several questions emerge from the review as well. For example, the future uses of these data for controlling thermoregulatory disorders and the invitation to researchers to conduct more extensive studies to broaden our understanding of these mechanisms and achieve substantial advances in controlling fever, hyperthermia, and hypothermia.

RESUMO

The objective of this review is to describe and analyze the effect of feathers, hair, and glabrous (hairless) skin on the thermoregulation of domestic and endotherm animals, especially concerning the uses and scope of infrared thermography (IRT), scientific findings on heat and cold stress, and differences among species of domestic animals. Clinical medicine considers thermoregulation a mechanism that allows animals to adapt to varying thermal environmental conditions, a process in which the presence of feathers, hair, or glabrous skin influences heat loss or heat retention, respectively, under hot and cold environmental conditions. Evaluating body temperature provides vital information on an individual's physiological state and health status since variations in euthermia maintenance in vertebrates reflect a significant cellular metabolism deviation that needs to be assessed and quantified. IRT is a non-invasive tool for evaluating thermal responses under thermal stress conditions in animals, where the presence or absence of feathers, hair, and glabrous skin can affect readings and the differences detected. Therefore, anatomical regions, the characteristics of feathers, hair, glabrous skin such as structure, length, color, and extension, and strategies for dissipating or retaining heat together constitute a broad area of opportunity for future research into the phenomena of dermal thermoregulation in domestic species.

RESUMO

Several strategies have been studied to reduce the stress suffered by the animals during handling and all managements that are included in a routine. Among them, the effects of supplementation with chromium in the diet of ruminants have been fairly analyzed by reducing serum cortisol levels. Thus this study was designed to investigate the effects of dietary chromium supplementation on indicators of welfare of confined sheep. Sixty-four crossbred lambs White Dorper x Santa Ines, weaned at sixty days old, were divided into two groups for confinement for sixty days: control group and the group that received supplementation of 2 mg organic chromium daily. Every 14 days, the animals were weighed after fasting for 12 hours. Simultaneously, the reactivity of lambs was evaluated by scoring during the stay in the balance, followed by the flight speed, according to a composite score scale (CSS) consisted of a compilation which integrated the four scores described above, as follows: 1. Quiet and Docile animal (Breathing score = 1 or 2; vocalization score = 0; movement = 1; flight speed = 1); 2. Low reactivity or Alive (Breathing score = 2; vocalization score = 0 or 1; movement = 2; flight speed = 2); 3. Average reactivity or Restless (Breathing score = 2 or 3; vocalization score = 0 or 1; movement = 3; flight speed = 3 or 4); 4. Very Reactive or Disturbed (Breathing score = 3; vocalizatio

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

RESUMO

The work aims to determine thermolysis capacity by losses by sweating using trans epidermal water loss values (TEWL) and by tachypnea. Fifty six Santa Ines ewes were divided in facilities having covered area with a cement oor and ber cement roof panels (4 m high, 8 x 10 m) and uncovered area with hard dirt floor (15 x 15 m). Thermolysis capacity was evaluated using heat stress challenge in three consecutive days, in which animals stayed under the shade, from 08:00 to 13:00 h, when the rst sample was taken (T0: 08:00 h). From 13:00 to 14:00 h, they stayed in sunny place for 1 h, and the second sample was taken (T1: 14:00h). Then, animals went back to the shade, where they stayed for more 45 minutes (14:0014:45 h), and the third sample was taken (T2: 14:45h). TEWL with a VapoMeter (Delfin, Finland), respiratory rate (RR) by count of movements per minute and rectal temperature (RT) with a digital thermometer were collected in all sampling times. During the heat challenge, air temperature and relative humidity were measured under the shade and in the sun (Table 1). Variance analysis with multiple comparisons of means by Tukey test at 5% was performed. The study was approved by Ethics Committee of USP (12.1.755.74.9). The highest values of TEWL, RR and RT were found shortly after 1 hour of sunshine (P 0.05, Table 2). Despite TEWL and RR decreased after 45 minutes under the sh

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

RESUMO

The work aims to determine thermolysis capacity by losses by sweating using trans epidermal water loss values (TEWL) and by tachypnea. Fifty six Santa Ines ewes were divided in facilities having covered area with a cement oor and ber cement roof panels (4 m high, 8 x 10 m) and uncovered area with hard dirt floor (15 x 15 m). Thermolysis capacity was evaluated using heat stress challenge in three consecutive days, in which animals stayed under the shade, from 08:00 to 13:00 h, when the rst sample was taken (T0: 08:00 h). From 13:00 to 14:00 h, they stayed in sunny place for 1 h, and the second sample was taken (T1: 14:00h). Then, animals went back to the shade, where they stayed for more 45 minutes (14:0014:45 h), and the third sample was taken (T2: 14:45h). TEWL with a VapoMeter (Delfin, Finland), respiratory rate (RR) by count of movements per minute and rectal temperature (RT) with a digital thermometer were collected in all sampling times. During the heat challenge, air temperature and relative humidity were measured under the shade and in the sun (Table 1). Variance analysis with multiple comparisons of means by Tukey test at 5% was performed. The study was approved by Ethics Committee of USP (12.1.755.74.9). The highest values of TEWL, RR and RT were found shortly after 1 hour of sunshine (P 0.05, Table 2). Despite TEWL and RR decreased after 45 minutes under the sh

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

RESUMO

Several strategies have been studied to reduce the stress suffered by the animals during handling and all managements that are included in a routine. Among them, the effects of supplementation with chromium in the diet of ruminants have been fairly analyzed by reducing serum cortisol levels. Thus this study was designed to investigate the effects of dietary chromium supplementation on indicators of welfare of confined sheep. Sixty-four crossbred lambs White Dorper x Santa Ines, weaned at sixty days old, were divided into two groups for confinement for sixty days: control group and the group that received supplementation of 2 mg organic chromium daily. Every 14 days, the animals were weighed after fasting for 12 hours. Simultaneously, the reactivity of lambs was evaluated by scoring during the stay in the balance, followed by the flight speed, according to a composite score scale (CSS) consisted of a compilation which integrated the four scores described above, as follows: 1. Quiet and Docile animal (Breathing score = 1 or 2; vocalization score = 0; movement = 1; flight speed = 1); 2. Low reactivity or Alive (Breathing score = 2; vocalization score = 0 or 1; movement = 2; flight speed = 2); 3. Average reactivity or Restless (Breathing score = 2 or 3; vocalization score = 0 or 1; movement = 3; flight speed = 3 or 4); 4. Very Reactive or Disturbed (Breathing score = 3; vocalizatio

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.