RESUMO

Sheep meet production systems require roughage feed of good nutritional quality. However, the production of sorghum or corn silage, besides expensive, also depends on large cultivable areas and favorable weather conditions. Thus, agro-industrial residues have stood out as a feed alternative that contribute to the reduction of production costs and to the conservation of the environment. Fragments of the ruminal mucosa of 30 healthy lambs fed with agro-industrial residues and slaughtered with a final weight of 36 kg were analyzed by light and scanning electron microscopy. We observed that the coproducts grape residue and wet brewery residue affected the shape, dimensions, and cytoarchitecture of the rumen epithelium in contrast to traditional sorghum silage. The rumen papillae of lambs fed grape waste were larger, and their epithelium was thinner when compared to the papillae of lambs fed wet brewery waste and sorghum silage. It can be assumed that the increased mucosal surface area of the rumen contributed to greater weight gain and reduced time to slaughter. The use of a greater variety of agro-industrial residues as a substitute for traditional feedstuffs contributes to the increase in animal protein production in many countries, making the confinement of sheep more viable and sustainable.

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Chronic exposure to stress is a non-adaptive situation that is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), especially superoxide anion (SA). This accumulation of ROS produces damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which activate chronic inflammatory states and behavioral changes found in several mood disorders. In a previous study, we observed that an imbalance of SA triggered by rotenone (Ro) exposure caused evolutionarily conserved oxi-inflammatory disturbances and behavioral changes in Eisenia fetida earthworms. These results supported our hypothesis that SA imbalance triggered by Ro exposure could be attenuated by lithium carbonate (LC), which has anti-inflammatory properties. The initial protocol exposed earthworms to Ro (30 nM) and four different LC concentrations. LC at a concentration of 12.85 mg/L decreased SA and nitric oxide (NO) levels and was chosen to perform complementary assays: (1) neuromuscular damage evaluated by optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), (2) innate immune inefficiency by analysis of Eisenia spp. extracellular neutrophil traps (eNETs), and (3) behavioral changes. Gene expression was also evaluated involving mitochondrial (COII, ND1), inflammatory (EaTLR, AMP), and neuronal transmission (nAchR α5). LC attenuated the high melanized deposits in the circular musculature, fiber disarrangement, destruction of secretory glands, immune inefficiency, and impulsive behavior pattern triggered by Ro exposure. However, the effects of LC and Ro on gene expression were more heterogeneous. In summary, SA imbalance, potentially associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, appears to be an evolutionary component triggering oxidative, inflammatory, and behavioral changes observed in psychiatric disorders that are inhibited by LC exposure.

Assuntos

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The position of the coronary ostia was investigated in 70 segments of the aorta from young adult crossbred horses. After fixation with a 4% buffered aqueous formaldehyde solution and cautious dissection of the aortic bulb, the morphometric relationships between the coronary ostium and the aortic valvar elements were digitally analysed with the support of Image-Pro Plus® software. In horses, the left coronary ostium was near to the right valvular commissure in all cases (100%) analysed in this study. The left coronary ostium was at the level of the intercommissural line in 57.1% and below it in 42.9%. The right coronary ostium was near to the left valvular commissure in 58.6% (2.14 ± 0.32 cm) and close to the right valvular commissure in 41.4% (2.27 ± 0.40 cm). Concerning the intercommissural line, the right coronary ostia was at its level in 24.3% and below it in 75.7%. Accessory coronary ostia were observed in 8.6% of the specimens. In view of the results, it was possible to assume that the positions of the coronary ostia in equines tend towards a standard morphological disposition. Thus, perfusion of the left coronary artery occurs partly more frequently in ventricular systole and complete perfusion occurs less frequently in ventricular diastole. For the right coronary artery, perfusion is mostly complete in diastole and partially in ventricular systole.

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The aortic valve was investigated in 58 sheep and 60 swine without heart disease. After fixation in 4% formalin, the distance between the ostia and the elements of the right/left aortic sinuses was measured. For the left coronary ostium (LCO), it was found that in sheep 81% were below and 19% at the level of intercomissural line (IL). In pigs, 88.3% were below and 11.7% at the IL level. In sheep, the OCL was close to the right valve commissure (CVR) in 98.3% and close to the left valve commissure (CVV) in 1.7%. In pigs, it was close to RVC at 83.3% and close to LVC at 16.7%. Regarding to RCO, it was found that in sheep 69% was below, 1.7% was above and 29.3% at the IL level. In pigs, 20% were below, 15% above and 65% at the IL level. The distance of the RCO in relation to the valve commissures was 56.9% close to LVC and 43.1% close to RVC in sheep. In pigs, 81.7% were close to LVC and 18.3% close to RVC. The position of LCO was balanced between sheep and swine, while the RCO in swine was closer to CVE when compared with sheep. The accessory coronary ostium was observed in 18.6% of sheep and 10% of pigs. Thus, it is concluded that in sheep and swine the left coronary artery is perfused only in ventricular diastole. Perfusion of the right coronary artery occurs more frequently in diastole and less frequently in ventricular systole.

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The present study describes the embryonic and fetal development of the central nervous system in rabbits from the seventh day after conception until the end of the full-term fetal period. A total of 19 embryonic and fetal samples were carefully dissected and microscopically analyzed. Neural tube closure was observed between 7.5 and 8 days of gestation. Primordial encephalic vesicle differentiation and spinal canal delimitation were observed on the 12th day of gestation. Histologically, on the 15th day of gestation, the brain, cerebellum, and brain stem were delimited. On the 18th day of gestation, the cervical and lumbar intumescences of the spinal cord were visible. On the 28th day of gestation, four-cell layers could be distinguished in the cerebral cortex, while the cerebellar cortex was still differentiating. Overall, the morphological aspects of the embryonic and fetal developmental phases in rabbits were highly similar to those in humans. Thus, the present study provides relevant information highlighting rabbits as an excellent candidate animal model for preclinical research on human neurological diseases given the high adaptability of rabbits to bioterium conditions and the similarity of morphological events between rabbits and humans.

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The external shape of the liver is varied and determines specific vascular arrangements. This morphological relationship is important to establish hepatic segmentation in different species submitted to surgeries that aim to preserve a larger area of liver parenchyma. After observing 60 livers injected with Neoprene Latex and three plastic moulds obtained by corrosion, eight hepatic venous segments were identified, drained by six hepatic veins agrouped into segmental veins, which drained one sector (segments I, VI, VII and VIII) and intersegmental veins, which drained more than one sector (segments II/III and IV/V). They were described as follows: left intersegmental vein, formed by a segmental vein from the papillary process (segment I), two to three lateral left segmental veins that drained the segment II, and one to five left paramedian segmental veins that drained the segment III; sagittal intersegmental vein, formed by the confluence between segmental vein of the quadrate lobe (segment IV) and the medial right paramedian segmental vein, which derived from the segment V; lateral right paramedian vein drained the dorsocranial sector of the segment VI; the lateral right segmental vein, formed by one to four vessels that drained segment VII, and the segmental vein of the caudate process, which drained the segment VIII. Understanding the number and disposition of the hepatic veins in lobate livers is essential to reduce bleeding risks in surgeries. The nomenclature based on segmentation analogy of non-lobate liver could be less confusing and, therefore, be more useful in the surgical approaches of lobate livers.

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RESUMO

Accomplishing observations for description of the anatomical types of the tendinous cords and papillar muscles in a group of 40 hearts of crossbred dogs, it came across two types of tendinous cords quite uncommon. In the literature, few reports of anomalies of the tendinous cords in animals were found and none of them showed any likeness with the results described in this case. The first type was a rope of retrograde direction whose origin is in the muscular tissue that garnishes the fibrous annulus. Its filament, after crossing the right atrioventricular anullus, joined to a bundle of common cords originating from the magnus papillar muscle. The second type was the most unusual. It was a cord with 5.3 cm of length, from the subarterious papillar muscle to the intermediate semilunar valve in the pulmonary artery. Its insertion in this artery settled down as a "liaison" that allowed to be tightened.

Realizando observações para a descrição do comportamento anatômico das cordas tendíneas e músculos papilares num grupo de 40 corações de cães sem raça definida, deparamo-nos com dois tipos de cordas tendíneas bastante incomuns. Ao consultar a literatura, poucos relatos de anomalias das cordas tendíneas em animais foram encontrados e nenhum deles mostrou qualquer semelhança com os resultados descritos neste caso. O primeiro tipo diz respeito a uma corda de direção retrógrada cuja origem se deu no tecido muscular que circunda o ânulo fibroso atrioventricular direito. Seu filamento, depois de atravessar o óstio atrioventricular direito, uniu-se a um feixe de cordas comuns oriundas do músculo papilar magno. O segundo tipo encontrado foi o mais inusitado. Trata-se de uma corda com 5,3 cm de comprimento, estendendo-se desde o músculo papilar subarterioso até a válvula semilunar intermédia no tronco pulmonar, cuja inserção nesta estabeleceu-se como um "laço" que permitia inclusive ser tensionado.

RESUMO

The blood supply of placenta of 30 wooless sheep without a defined breed was studied by analyzing the pieces obtained through vascular injection of Latex Neoprene 650 stain solution and moulds were made from injection of vinyl acetate. Single gestation (53.33%), gemel (46.66%) and trigeminal (3.33%) cases were observed; in all cases studied it was observed 4 umbilical vessels (2 arteries and 2 veins) besides the allantoidal duct forming the funiculus. Only in one case (trigeminal gestation), the two umbilical arteries of one of the fetuses were fused at he intermediary part of the umbilical funiculus. The hilar area of the placenta varied from 2.0 to 6.0 centimeters depending on the gestational phase. The mean number of cotyledons per gestation was 96 and their sizes and shapes were varied, being the most predominant those greater than 1.5 centimeter and also the ones with ovoid form. The cotyledons were irrigated and drained by a number of diversified arteries and veins, constituting arteriocotyledonary and venocotyledonary arrangements, numbering a total of 299 and 314 casting moulds, respectively.

O suprimento sangüíneo da placenta de 30 ovelhas deslanadas sem raça definida foi estudado mediante análise de peças obtidas através de injeção vascular com Látex Neoprene 650 corado. Constataram-se no material casos de gestações únicas (53,3%), gemelares (46,7%) e trigemelares (3,3%). Em todos os casos analisados, observaram-se 4 vasos umbilicais (2 artérias e 2 veias) além do ducto alantóide, na constituição do funículo umbilical. Em apenas 1 caso (gestação trigemelar), as duas artérias umbilicais de um dos fetos fundiram-se na porção média do funículo umbilical, e neste caso integrava apenas uma veia umbilical. A área placentária hilar variava de 2,0 a 6,0 centímetros dependendo da fase de gestação. O número médio de placentônios por gestação foi igual a 96, com tamanhos e formas bastante diversificados, sendo que aqueles maiores que 1,5 centímetro eram predominantes, assim como aqueles de formato ovóide. Os placentônios eram irrigados e drenados por uma série diversificada de artérias e veias, constituindo arranjos arteriocotiledonários e venocotiledonários, perfazendo um total de 299 e 314 arranjos respectivamente.

RESUMO

Anatomical aspects of the umbilical cord of 30 unwoolly sheep in different stages of pregnancy, arising from Pernambuco State, were observed. It was verified single pregnancies (53.33%), and twin or triples pregnancies (46.66%). The material showed the presence of an allantoid duct, two arteries and two umbilical veins with a single exception, where were evidenced, in the umbilical funiculum female foetus, two arteries and one vein. By histological findings, obtained by transversal section of the umbilical funiculum, it was evidenced that the disposition of the vessels varied according to the sectioned portion. In the epsilateral foetal portion, each pack of artery and vein was positioned laterally to the allantoid duct occupying different planes. In the intermediary portion the veins tended to the same plane of the arteries and at the placenta epsilateral portion, the veins runned in only one plane making up one row of vessels. Was obtained a variation regarding to the funiculum length of 5.0 to 21.5 centimetre in length with an average of 12.24 centimetre in a foetus with approximately 2 to 5 months of intrauterine life. It was evidenced anastomosis (26.66%), 16.66% were of convergent type and 10% of transversal type.

Aspectos anatômicos do funículo umbilical foram observados em 30 fetos de ovinos deslanados sem raça definida, retirados de fêmeas em diferentes estágios de prenhez, oriundas de matadouros do Estado de Pernambuco - Brasil. Em todas as observações constatamos a presença de um ducto alantóide, duas artérias e duas veias umbilicais, e em um único caso (gestação trigemelar) evidenciaram-se, no funículo umbilical, duas artérias e uma veia. À secção transversal do funículo umbilical na porção justafetal, cada conjunto de artéria e veia posicionava-se lateralmente ao ducto alantóide, ocupando diferentes planos, enquanto na porção média as veias tendiam para o mesmo plano das artérias, e, na porção justaplacentária, as veias lateralizavam-se em um só plano constituindo uma fileira de vasos. Obteve-se uma variação quanto ao comprimento do funículo de 5,0 a 21,5 centímetros com uma média igual a 12,24 centímetros em fetos com aproximadamente 2 a 5 meses de vida intra-uterina. Verificaram-se anastomoses arteriais no funículo umbilical (26,66%), sendo que 16,66% foram do tipo convergente 10% do tipo transversal.