RESUMO
Aspergillosis affects all types of birds; it causes the loss of specimens with high ecologic value and also leads to significant economic losses within the poultry industry. The main etiologic agent is Aspergillus fumigatus , a filamentary fungus with multiple virulence factors, such as gliotoxin (GT), which is an immunosuppressive epipolythiodioxopiperazine molecule. Necropsy was performed on 73 poultry from different provenances, all of which presented with a respiratory semiology compatible with aspergillosis. A mycological culture was performed on the injured lungs of diseased birds, as was chloroform extraction of the GT, a thin-layer chromatography analysis (TLC), and a histopathology analysis with hematoxylin-eosin and Grocott stainings. The A. fumigatus identification was confirmed by PCR, where the ITS 1 5.1-5.8S-ITS 2 fragment of the rDNA complex was amplified. The in vitro GT production was studied by TLC in the recovered isolates from A. fumigatus . Seven isolates of A. fumigatus were obtained and in six of them, GT-like compounds were detected. In a lung sample, a compound with the same retention time (RF) as the reference GT was detected; whereas RF compounds different from the GT standard were observed in three lung samples.
Assuntos
Aspergilose/veterinária , Aspergillus fumigatus/isolamento & purificação , Aspergillus fumigatus/metabolismo , Gliotoxina/metabolismo , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/microbiologia , Animais , Aspergilose/microbiologia , Aspergilose/patologia , Aspergillus fumigatus/classificação , Aspergillus fumigatus/genética , Galinhas , Pulmão/patologia , Pulmão/virologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/patologiaRESUMO
Few data are available from middle income countries regarding economic circumstances of households in which older people live. Many such settings have experienced rapid demographic, social and economic change, alongside increasing pension coverage. Population-based household surveys in rural and urban catchment areas in Peru, Mexico and China. Participating households were selected from all households with older residents. Descriptive analyses were weighted back for sampling fractions and non-response. Household income and consumption were estimated from a household key informant interview. 877 Household interviews (3177 residents). Response rate 68 %. Household income and consumption correlated plausibly with other economic wellbeing indicators. Household Incomes varied considerably within and between sites. While multigenerational households were the norm, older resident's incomes accounted for a high proportion of household income, and older people were particularly likely to pool income. Differences in the coverage and value of pensions were a major source of variation in household income among sites. There was a small, consistent inverse association between household pension income and labour force participation of younger adult co-residents. The effect of pension income on older adults' labour force participation was less clear-cut. Historical linkage of social protection to formal employment may have contributed to profound late-life socioeconomic inequalities. Strategies to formalise the informal economy, alongside increases in the coverage and value of non-contributory pensions and transfers would help to address this problem.
RESUMO
UNLABELLED: Migration is a phenomenon that impacts individuals throughout the life course. Particularly, Mexican elderly migrants show evidence of lifetime accumulations of the effects of migration on health conditions. OBJECTIVES: Examine how the relationship between historical time and individual time explains different factors impacting the health of Mexican adult and elderly migrants in Mexico and the United States. METHOD: Data from in-depth interviews with Mexican migrants living in selected locations in Mexico and the United States were used to illustrate the links between life course conditions, aging, migration, and health outcomes. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: According to this theoretical perspective and the data, historical time, age at migration, and the conditions under which the migration trajectory developed, show different impacts on the health and quality of life of the elderly, as revealed through analysis of labor experience, disease and accidents, medical service, health treatment, transnational networks, and family formation.
Assuntos
Envelhecimento/etnologia , Emigração e Imigração/estatística & dados numéricos , Nível de Saúde , Americanos Mexicanos/estatística & dados numéricos , Migrantes/estatística & dados numéricos , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , México , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Estados UnidosRESUMO
El presente documento se inscribe en la discusión sobre las transformaciones que han experimentado las familias en México en el siglo XX, y como se asoman algunas dinámicas al interior que son resultado del alargamiento en la esperanza de vida individual y de la presencia de limitaciones funcionales en los miembros en edad avanzada. Se reflexiona sobre los cambios sociales y demográficos en los hogares, las estrategias de apoyo y cuidado hacia las personas adultas mayores con presencia de enfermedades y limitaciones funcionales a partir de cálculos realizados con base en la Encuesta Nacional sobre Salud y Envejecimiento (2001). Si bien hay un esfuerzo de las instituciones de salud y de los arreglos familiares para atender esta situación, este artículo permite mostrar la fuerza y personas debilidad del sistema de protección social en la procuración de cuidados y apoyos hacia las personas en la veces con limitaciones funcionales. Presenta algunos retos y áreas de acción relevantes para las instituciones gubernamentales y no gubernamentales. La idea que se propone, con base en este análisis, es reaccionar activamente entre instituciones, familias y sociedad para apoyar a la vejes que experimenta el deterioro progresivo de sus facultades físicas y mentales.AU
This paper discusses the transformations undergone by Mexican families in the 20th century and how some internal dynamics unfolded with the increase in the individual life expectancy and the presence of functional incapacities in the older family members. It reflects on social and demographic changes in the families and on support and care strategies directed at elderly people who are ill and have functional limitations, based on calculations obtained from the Encuesta Nacional sobre Salud y Envejecimiento (2001). Although there are efforts on the part of health institutions and family arrangements to dead with this situation, this paper shows the strength and the weakness of the social protection systems regarding care and support for aged people with functional incapacity. It presents challenges and relevant action areas for public and non-public institutions. It proposes, based on this analysis, that institutions, families and the society should take active actions to support the elderly individual who undergoes the progressive deterioration of physical and mental faculties.AU
Este artigo apresenta as transformações vividas pelas famílias mexicanas no século XX e como algumas dinâmicas internas foram se apresentando com o aumento da expectativa de vida individual e presença de incapacidades funcionais nos membros de mais idade. Reflete sobre as mudanças sociais e demográficas nas famílias, as estratégias de aopio e cuidado para com as pessoas idosas enfermas e com limitações funcionais a partir de cálculos baseados na Encuesta Nacional sobre Salud y Envejecimiento (2001). Embora haja esforços por parte das instituições da saúde e dos arranjos familiares para atender esta situação, este artigo mostra a força e debilidade dos sistemas de proteção social quanto a cuidados e apoios aos idosos com incapacidade funcional. Apresenta alguns desafios e áreas de ação relevantes para as instituições públicas e não públicas. Propõe, com base nesta análise, uma ação ativa entre instituições, famílias e sociedade para apoiar a velhice que experimenta a deterioração progressiva das faculdades físicas e mentais.AU
Assuntos
Humanos , Idoso , Envelhecimento , Relações Familiares , Assistência a IdososRESUMO
El presente documento se inscribe en la discusión sobre las transformaciones que han experimentado las familias en México en el siglo XX, y como se asoman algunas dinámicas al interior que son resultado del alargamiento en la esperanza de vida individual y de la presencia de limitaciones funcionales en los miembros en edad avanzada. Se reflexiona sobre los cambios sociales y demográficos en los hogares, las estrategias de apoyo y cuidado hacia las personas adultas mayores con presencia de enfermedades y limitaciones funcionales a partir de cálculos realizados con base en la Encuesta Nacional sobre Salud y Envejecimiento (2001). Si bien hay un esfuerzo de las instituciones de salud y de los arreglos familiares para atender esta situación, este artículo permite mostrar la fuerza y personas debilidad del sistema de protección social en la procuración de cuidados y apoyos hacia las personas en la veces con limitaciones funcionales. Presenta algunos retos y áreas de acción relevantes para las instituciones gubernamentales y no gubernamentales. La idea que se propone, con base en este análisis, es reaccionar activamente entre instituciones, familias y sociedad para apoyar a la vejes que experimenta el deterioro progresivo de sus facultades físicas y mentales.
This paper discusses the transformations undergone by Mexican families in the 20th century and how some internal dynamics unfolded with the increase in the individual life expectancy and the presence of functional incapacities in the older family members. It reflects on social and demographic changes in the families and on support and care strategies directed at elderly people who are ill and have functional limitations, based on calculations obtained from the Encuesta Nacional sobre Salud y Envejecimiento (2001). Although there are efforts on the part of health institutions and family arrangements to dead with this situation, this paper shows the strength and the weakness of the social protection systems regarding care and support for aged people with functional incapacity. It presents challenges and relevant action areas for public and non-public institutions. It proposes, based on this analysis, that institutions, families and the society should take active actions to support the elderly individual who undergoes the progressive deterioration of physical and mental faculties.
Este artigo apresenta as transformações vividas pelas famílias mexicanas no século XX e como algumas dinâmicas internas foram se apresentando com o aumento da expectativa de vida individual e presença de incapacidades funcionais nos membros de mais idade. Reflete sobre as mudanças sociais e demográficas nas famílias, as estratégias de aopio e cuidado para com as pessoas idosas enfermas e com limitações funcionais a partir de cálculos baseados na Encuesta Nacional sobre Salud y Envejecimiento (2001). Embora haja esforços por parte das instituições da saúde e dos arranjos familiares para atender esta situação, este artigo mostra a força e debilidade dos sistemas de proteção social quanto a cuidados e apoios aos idosos com incapacidade funcional. Apresenta alguns desafios e áreas de ação relevantes para as instituições públicas e não públicas. Propõe, com base nesta análise, uma ação ativa entre instituições, famílias e sociedade para apoiar a velhice que experimenta a deterioração progressiva das faculdades físicas e mentais.
Assuntos
Humanos , Idoso , Envelhecimento , Relações Familiares , Assistência a IdososRESUMO
This paper discusses the transformations undergone by Mexican families in the 20th century and how some internal dynamics unfolded with the increase in the individual life expectancy and the presence of functional incapacities in the older family members. It reflects on social and demographic changes in the families and on support and care strategies directed at elderly people who are ill and have functional limitations, based on calculations obtained from the Encuesta Nacional sobre Salud y Envejecimiento (2001). Although there are efforts on the part of health institutions and family arrangements to deal with this situation, this paper shows the strength and the weakness of the social protection systems regarding care and support for aged people with functional incapacity. It presents challenges and relevant action areas for public and non-public institutions. It proposes, based on this analysis, that institutions, families and the society should take active actions to support the elderly individual who undergoes the progressive deterioration of physical and mental faculties.