RESUMO
Chitosan is one of the most abundant natural polymer worldwide, and due to its inherent characteristics, its use in industrial processes has been extensively explored. Because it is biodegradable, biocompatible, non-toxic, hydrophilic, cheap, and has good physical-chemical stability, it is seen as an excellent alternative for the replacement of synthetic materials in the search for more sustainable production methodologies. Thus being, a possible biotechnological application of Chitosan is as a direct support for enzyme immobilization. However, its applicability is quite specific, and to overcome this issue, alternative pretreatments are required, such as chemical and physical modifications to its structure, enabling its use in a wider array of applications. This review aims to present the topic in detail, by exploring and discussing methods of employment of Chitosan in enzymatic immobilization processes with various enzymes, presenting its advantages and disadvantages, as well as listing possible chemical modifications and combinations with other compounds for formulating an ideal support for this purpose. First, we will present Chitosan emphasizing its characteristics that allow its use as enzyme support. Furthermore, we will discuss possible physicochemical modifications that can be made to Chitosan, mentioning the improvements obtained in each process. These discussions will enable a comprehensive comparison between, and an informed choice of, the best technologies concerning enzyme immobilization and the application conditions of the biocatalyst.
Assuntos
Biocatálise , Quitosana/química , Enzimas Imobilizadas/química , Enzimas/química , Biotecnologia/tendências , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Lipase/química , Polímeros/químicaRESUMO
The adsorbent omega-aminodecyl-agarose was evaluated as to its feasibility for the adsorption of human serum and plasma proteins, aiming at the purification of immunoglobulin G (IgG). The contribution of electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions (mixed-mode) and the effects of buffer system on the adsorption of serum proteins were also studied. The adsorption isotherm parameters of human serum albumin (HSA) and IgG were evaluated, pointing to the existence of cooperative effects in the process. A positive (n=2.30+/-0.38) and negative cooperativity (n=0.63+/-0.12) were observed for IgG and HSA binding, respectively. High purity IgG was obtained (based on total protein concentration and nephelometric analysis of HSA, transferrin, and immunoglobulins A, G, and M) with a 75% recovery in Hepes 25 mmol L(-1) pH 6.8 feeding human serum. These results indicate that the use of omega-aminodecyl-agarose is a potential technique for purification of IgG from human serum.
Assuntos
Proteínas Sanguíneas/isolamento & purificação , Cromatografia/métodos , Imunoglobulina G/isolamento & purificação , Sefarose/análogos & derivados , Sefarose/química , Adsorção , Soluções Tampão , Eletroforese em Gel de Poliacrilamida , Humanos , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Focalização Isoelétrica , Ponto Isoelétrico , Cinética , Modelos Químicos , Nefelometria e Turbidimetria , Oxirredução , Ligação Proteica , Soro , Albumina Sérica/isolamento & purificação , Soluções , TemperaturaRESUMO
The omega-aminohexyl diamine immobilized as ligand on CNBr- and bisoxirane-activated agarose gel was evaluated for the purification of human immunoglobulin G (IgG) from serum and plasma by negative affinity chromatography. The effects of matrix activation, buffer system, and feedstream on recovery and purity of IgG were studied. A one-step purification process using Hepes buffer at pH 6.8 allowed a similar recovery (69-76%) of the loaded IgG in the nonretained fractions for both matrices, but the purity was higher for epoxy-activated gel (electrophoretically homogeneous protein with a 6.5-fold purification). The IgG and human serum albumin (HSA) adsorption equilibrium studies showed that the adsorption isotherms of IgG and HSA obeyed the Langmuir-Freundlich and Langmuir models, respectively. The binding capacity of HSA was high (210.4 mg mL(-1) of gel) and a positive cooperativity was observed for IgG binding. These results indicate that immobilizing omega-aminohexyl using bisoxirane as coupling agent is a useful strategy for rapid purification of IgG from human serum and plasma.