Assuntos
Ácidos Graxos , Leite Humano , Lactente , Feminino , Humanos , Índice de Massa Corporal , Mães , Aleitamento MaternoRESUMO
CONTEXT: Early adverse experience can have a long-term effect on growth and development and negative repercussions into adulthood. Among the various consequences of undernutrition is depression. OBJECTIVE: The present work aimed to evaluate the relationship between early-life undernutrition and depression in adult life. DATA SOURCES: Data were obtained from the PubMed, SCOPUS, and Web of Science databases in November 2021 and were selected using the systematic bibliographic review manager program State of the Art Through Systematic Review. DATA EXTRACTION: Data were extracted using the State of the Art Through Systematic Review program. DATA ANALYSIS: Of the 559 articles that were identified, 114 were duplicates, and 426 were excluded after inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to the title and abstract. One other relevant study was included. From the 20 remaining articles, 8 were excluded after the full-text screening. Finally, 12 articles remained for review in the present work. The studies described in these articles investigated humans, rats, or mice, and correlated early-life malnutrition and depression in adulthood as the principal outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Undernutrition in early life and later depression are linked. Furthermore, the knowledge that the risk factors for depression start at the beginning of life points to public health policies starting in intrauterine life and extending throughout childhood and adolescence.
Assuntos
Depressão , Desnutrição , Adulto , Adolescente , Humanos , Animais , Camundongos , Ratos , Criança , Depressão/epidemiologia , Depressão/etiologia , Desnutrição/complicações , Desnutrição/epidemiologia , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by damage to the immature brain. CP is considered the main cause of physical disability in childhood. Studies have shown that memory function and emotional behaviour are significantly impaired in CP. Current thought is that interventions for neuromotor damaged play a prominent role, but neglects the memory acquisition problems that affect the functioning and quality of life of these children. This systematic review aims to map and analyse pre-clinical interventions used to treat memory formation problems resulting from CP. For this, a search was carried out in the Pubmed, Web of Science, Scopus and Lilacs databases. Then, eligibility, extraction date and evaluation of the methodological quality of the studies were determined. 52 studies were included in this review, and 27 were included in a meta-analysis. Assessing memory performance as a primary outcome, and structural and biochemical changes in the hippocampus as a secondary outcome. CP models were reported to be induced by hypoxia-ischemia, oxygen deprivation and liposaccharide (LPS) exposure, resulting in impairments in the formation of short-term and long-term memory in adult life. A reduction in escape latency and dwell time were observed in the target quadrant as well as an increase in the time needed for the rodents to find the platform in the Morris Water Maze (MWM). Brain injuries during the perinatal period are considered an insult that negatively impacts hippocampus maturation and causes impairment in memory formation in adult life. Some studies reported that regions of the hippocampus such as the dentate gyrus and cornu ammonis 1 were impaired in CP, noting an increase in oxidative stress enzymes and pro-inflammatory cytokines, associated with a reduction in BDNF and neurogenesis levels. These were reported to cause a reduction in the number of neurons and the volume of the hippocampus, in addition to an increase in astrogliosis and apoptosis of neurons and difficulties in forming new memories similar to those that occur in children with CP. Interventions that reduced neuroinflammation and the presence of free radicals were highlighted as a therapy for the memory disturbance present in CP. Preclinical studies registered treatments with oxygen interventions, resveratrol and erythropoietin, which were able to reduce the damage to the hippocampus and promote improvements in memory and behaviour. In the meta-analysis of selected studies, we observed favorable results, through effect size, for the use of oxygen interventions (SDM -6.83 95% CI [-7.91, -5.75], Z = 12.38, p = 0.03; I2 = 71%), erythropoietin (SDM -3.16 95% CI [-4.27, -2.05], Z = 5.58, p = 0.002; I2 = 82%) and resveratrol (SDM -2.42 95% CI [-3.19, - 1.66], Z = 6.21, p = 0.01; I2 = 77%), stimulating plastic responses in the hippocampus and facilitating the memory formation, with these presenting positive effects in general (SDM -2.84 95% CI [-3.10, -2.59], Z = 22.00; p < 0.00001; I2 = 92.9%). These studies demonstrate possible avenues of intervention for memory alterations in experimental models of early brain injuries, highlighting promising interventions that can facilitate the maturation of the hippocampus and memory formation and, consequently, minimize functional problems that arise during development.
Assuntos
Lesões Encefálicas , Paralisia Cerebral , Eritropoetina , Humanos , Paralisia Cerebral/complicações , Paralisia Cerebral/terapia , Qualidade de Vida , Resveratrol , Hipocampo , Transtornos da Memória/etiologia , Transtornos da Memória/terapia , Lesões Encefálicas/complicações , Lesões Encefálicas/terapiaRESUMO
Environmental factors interfere in the neural plasticity processes. Among these, malnutrition in the early stages of life stands out as one of the main non-genetic factors that can interfere in the morphofunctional development of the nervous system. Furthermore, sensory stimulation from enriched environments (EE) also interferes with neural development. These two factors can modify areas related to memory and learning as the hippocampus, through mechanisms related to the gene expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). The BDNF may interfere in synaptic plasticity processes, such as memory. In addition, these changes in early life may affect the functioning of the hippocampus during adulthood through mechanisms mediated by BDNF. Therefore, this study aims to conduct a literature review on the effects of early malnutrition on memory and the relationship between the underlying mechanisms of EE, BDNF gene expression, and memory. In addition, there are studies that demonstrate the effect of EE reversal on exposure to changes in the functioning of hippocampal malnutrition in adult rats that were prematurely malnourished. Thereby, evidence from the scientific literature suggests that the mechanisms of synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus of adult animals are influenced by malnutrition and EE, and these alterations may involve the participation of BDNF as a key regulator in memory processes in the adult animal hippocampus.
Assuntos
Fator Neurotrófico Derivado do Encéfalo , Desnutrição , Memória , Animais , Fator Neurotrófico Derivado do Encéfalo/genética , Meio Ambiente , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Desnutrição/metabolismo , Plasticidade Neuronal/fisiologia , RatosRESUMO
Adverse experiences that occur during the early stages of life can have permanent repercussions in adulthood. Among these experiences, early weaning is one that can alter the molecular, cellular, and behavior patterns in later life. Centered on this fact, the objective of the current study was to evaluate the effect of early weaning at 15â¯days of life of Wistar rats on their feeding behavior and if the opioidergic system blockade would cause a reversal of these outcomes. Experimental groups were formed based on the weaning period of each litter. On postnatal day 15, the group D15 was weaned and, on postnatal day 30 (natural weaning), the group D30 was weaned. The rats weaned on postnatal day 15, and administered subcutaneous Naltrexone (3â¯mg/kg) were from group D15â¯+â¯NTX. Those weaned at 15â¯days of age exhibited higher depressive-like behavior, lesser reactivity time to sucrose, and higher intake of palatable food than the control group. The Naltrexone administration was observed to reverse some outcomes, such as increasing the reactivity time to sucrose and decreasing the quantity of palatable food consumed, to levels similar to those of the control group. Together, the findings of the present study are indicative of the vital role played by the opioidergic system in inducing the changes noted in the eating behavior patterns during adulthood, post early weaning.
Assuntos
Comportamento Alimentar , Naltrexona , Animais , Hábitos , Naltrexona/farmacologia , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , DesmameRESUMO
Childhood obesity is a serious public health problem. Childhood obesity and overweight are associated with the appearance of coordination deficit disorder and can cause impaired motor performance. We searched online databases for all related articles using comprehensive international databases from the Medline PubMed Institute, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, SCOPUS, and PsycINFO up to December 20, 2020. Overall, 33 studies were included in this systematic review. The present review demonstrated that children with higher percentage of body fat had lower levels of moderate to vigorous physical activity, as well as decreased levels of gross motor coordination, as shown by tests for neuromuscular performance. These results corroborate the hypothesis that overweight and obesity in children and adolescents are associated, not only with insufficient performance during gross motor coordination activities, but also with a greater risk to physical health. Systematic Review Registration: [https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/], identifier [CRD42020182935].
Assuntos
Destreza Motora/fisiologia , Obesidade Infantil/fisiopatologia , Adolescente , Composição Corporal , Índice de Massa Corporal , Criança , Pré-Escolar , HumanosRESUMO
Early life stress (ELS) has been associated with developmental impairments. Early weaning (EW) is a postnatal stress model consisting of interruption of lactation and maternal care. The 5HT-system has been associated with neurobehavioral modulations promoted by ELS. Thus, the present work aims to investigate the effects of early weaning on feeding behavior and serotonergic system of juvenile male rats. For this, rats were submitted to early (PND15) or natural (PND30) weaning and had the body weight, food intake in circadian phases, and food intake in response to fenfluramine assessed. mRNA expression of serotoninergic receptors (5HT1A and 5HT2C) and transporter (SERT) was assessed in the hypothalamus and brainstem, as well as NPY and POMC mRNA expression in hypothalamus. The results show that early weaning promoted changes in the percentage of weight gain during lactation period and increase in body weight at PND40. It was also observed that EW promoted increase and decrease in food intake in light and dark phase, respectively, and leads to a decreased action of fenfluramine on inhibition of food intake. In addition, early weaning promoted increased NPY and SERT mRNA expression in the hypothalamus and 5HT2C in the brainstem. Together, the data indicate that the stress caused by early weaning impairs the eating behavior of juvenile male rats through hypofunction of the 5HT-system.
Assuntos
Tronco Encefálico/metabolismo , Comportamento Alimentar/fisiologia , Hipotálamo/metabolismo , Receptores de Serotonina/metabolismo , Proteínas da Membrana Plasmática de Transporte de Serotonina/metabolismo , Serotonina/metabolismo , Desmame , Animais , Peso Corporal/fisiologia , Ritmo Circadiano/fisiologia , Ingestão de Alimentos/fisiologia , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
Convergent evidence in literature shows that rapid disruption of maternal care and breastfeeding due to an early weaning protocol changes the development of several neurobehavioral patterns in rodents, including the circadian pattern of feeding. The serotoninergic system has been associated with the control of feeding patterns. Therefore, we aim to evaluate the patterns of feeding, the mRNA expression of 5â¯Hâ¯T-1b, 5â¯Hâ¯T-2c, and SERT on the hypothalamus, brainstem, and the body weight of female juvenile Wistar rats, submitted to early (PND15) or regular (PND30) weaning. The results demonstrate that early weaning promotes an increase in food intake in a 24â¯-h period, in the dark phase of the circadian cycle and in the four-hour time intervals at the beginning of the dark and light phases. Also, early weaning decreases the mRNA expression of 5â¯Hâ¯T-1b, 5â¯Hâ¯T-2c, and SERT on the hypothalamus, but increases it on the brainstem. Additionally, early weaning promotes an increase in body weight. Therefore, the present data demonstrate that early weaning changes the patterns of feeding in juvenile female rats and suggests that this behavioral modification is due to the modulations promoted in the 5â¯Hâ¯T-system.
Assuntos
Comportamento Alimentar/fisiologia , Serotonina/fisiologia , Desmame , Animais , Peso Corporal/genética , Encéfalo/anatomia & histologia , Tronco Encefálico/metabolismo , Ritmo Circadiano , Ingestão de Alimentos/fisiologia , Ingestão de Energia/genética , Feminino , Hipotálamo/metabolismo , Comportamento Materno , Tamanho do Órgão/genética , RNA Mensageiro/biossíntese , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/genética , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
The neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) acts as an important regulator of the critical neurodevelopmental processes and thus alterations in 5-HT signaling early promotes permanent structural and functional changes in brain. The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), as fluoxetine and citalopram, blocking serotonin transporter (SERT) at the presynaptic neuron, which regulates extracellular 5-HT levels. Evidence suggests that the exposure to SSRIs in the neurodevelopmental period may alters 5-HT signaling sensitivity on food intake control. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of neonatal exposure to fluoxetine on molecular and cellular components of the serotonergic system and food intake control in young animals. Methods: The animals were divided according to experimental manipulation, Fluoxetine Group (FG): male pups received application of fluoxetine (10â¯mg/kg, 10⯵L/g) and Saline Group (SG): male pups received saline application (0.9% NaCl, 10⯵L/g), both throughout lactation (PND1-PND21). They evaluated body weight, food intake, SERT gene and protein expression, serotonin content in the hypothalamus. The neonatal exposure to fluoxetine promoted reduction in body weight, disturb the serotonin hypophagic response, and increase the serotonin and SERT hypothalamic in young animals. We conclude that the changes of components of the serotonergic system by neonatal exposure to fluoxetine may be responsible for disturb the inhibitory action of serotonin on food intake.