RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To study the incidence and magnitude of bacteremia after dental extraction and supragingival scaling. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Blood samples were taken before and 5 and 30 min after dental extraction and supragingival scaling from individuals at high (n = 44) or negligible risk (n = 51) for infective endocarditis. The former received prophylactic antibiotic therapy. Samples were subjected to aerobic and anaerobic culture and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction to determine the incidence of bacteremia and total bacterial levels. RESULTS: Patients who did not receive prophylactic antibiotic therapy had a higher incidence of positive blood cultures (30% 5 min after extraction) than patients who received prophylactic antibiotic therapy (0% 5 min after extraction; p < .01). Molecular analysis did not reveal significant differences in the incidence or magnitude of bacteremia between the two patient groups either 5 or 30 min after each of the procedures evaluated. Extraction was associated with higher incidence of bacteremia than supragingival scaling by blood culture (p = .03) and molecular analysis (p = .05). CONCLUSIONS: Molecular methods revealed that dental extraction and supragingival scaling were associated with similar incidence of bacteremia in groups receiving or not prophylactic antibiotic therapy. However, blood culture revealed that antibiotic therapy reduced viable cultivable bacteria in the bloodstream in the extraction group.
Assuntos
Antibioticoprofilaxia , Bacteriemia/etiologia , Raspagem Dentária/efeitos adversos , Endocardite Bacteriana/prevenção & controle , Extração Dentária/efeitos adversos , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Carga Bacteriana , Hemocultura , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Risco , Adulto JovemRESUMO
This study evaluated the cytokine profiles (type 1 or type 2) that are triggered by and modulate endodontic periapical infections in the root canal system of germ-free mice. Microorganisms isolated from two patients with pulpal necrosis were inoculated into two groups of experimental animals: group I (Gemella morbillorum) and group II (Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Clostridium butyricum). In vitro, G. morbillorum induced type 1 cytokine synthesis, while the modulation processed in vivo seemed to have the opposite effect, with a reduction in the basal levels of IL-12 and IFN-gamma, IL-4-independent down-modulation. In vitro, microorganisms from group II, in poly-infection, induced a reduction of type 1 cytokine levels from day 10 to day 20, which seemed to be modulated via IL-4. In vivo, however, a predominance of the immune response to one species over the others occurred.
Assuntos
Citocinas/biossíntese , Doenças Periapicais/microbiologia , Animais , Infecções por Bifidobacteriales/imunologia , Bifidobacterium/imunologia , Infecções por Clostridium/imunologia , Cavidade Pulpar/microbiologia , Necrose da Polpa Dentária/microbiologia , Regulação para Baixo , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Infecções por Fusobacterium/imunologia , Fusobacterium nucleatum/imunologia , Vida Livre de Germes , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/imunologia , Humanos , Interferon gama/biossíntese , Interleucina-12/biossíntese , Interleucina-4/biossíntese , Linfonodos/imunologia , Linfonodos/patologia , Camundongos , Doenças Periapicais/imunologia , Baço/imunologia , Baço/patologia , Staphylococcaceae/imunologia , Estatística como AssuntoRESUMO
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of Actinomyces species, streptococci, and Enterococcus faecalis in primary root canal infections by using a molecular genetic method. Samples were obtained from 53 infected teeth, of which 27 cases were diagnosed as acute periradicular abscesses. DNA was extracted to evaluate the occurrence of 13 bacterial species by using whole genomic DNA probes and checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization. Polymerase chain reaction using an ubiquitous bacterial primer was undertaken to check the presence of bacterial DNA in clinical samples. All root canal samples contained bacteria as demonstrated by polymerase chain reaction. The checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization assay allowed the detection of streptococci in 22.6% of the samples, Actinomyces species in 9.4%, and E. faecalis in 7.5%. The most prevalent species were members of the Streptococcus anginosus group. With regard to the asymptomatic lesions, the most prevalent species were S. intermedius (11.5% of the cases), E. faecalis (11.5%), and S. anginosus (7.7%). S. constellatus was the most prevalent species in pus samples (25.9% of the cases). The other most prevalent species in abscessed teeth were A. gerencseriae (14.8%), S. gordonii (11.1%), S. intermedius (11.1%), A. israelii (7.4%), S. anginosus (7.4%), and S. sanguis (7.4%). S. constellatus was the only species positively associated with acute periradicular abscess (p < 0.01).
Assuntos
Actinomyces/isolamento & purificação , Enterococcus faecalis/isolamento & purificação , Abscesso Periapical/microbiologia , Streptococcus/isolamento & purificação , Actinomyces/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Técnicas de Tipagem Bacteriana , Distribuição de Qui-Quadrado , DNA Bacteriano/análise , Enterococcus faecalis/genética , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise de Sequência com Séries de Oligonucleotídeos , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Streptococcus/genéticaRESUMO
Several studies report that mutans streptococci (MS) are closely associated with caries in humans and that there is a correlation between the number of carious lesions and the levels of MS in the saliva of children and adults. The presence of MS in the saliva of 93 members of six Brazilian families with at least 3 generations was investigated. Samples of whole unstimulated saliva were collected and diluted. Aliquots of 50 microliters of each suspension were dropped onto SB20 agar and incubated in a candle jar at 37 degrees C for 72 h. Colonies resembling MS were counted, collected, seeded in thioglycoilate medium and subjected to biochemical typing. Mutans streptococci were isolated from 80 subjects (86.0%) and the counts ranged from 3.0 x 10(2) (log 2.477) to 1.6 x 10(8) (log 8.204) CFU/ml of saliva. All of the 73 adults were colonized by MS, but the bacteria were detected in only 7 (35.0%) of the 20 children evaluated. Streptococcus mutans occurred in 78 subjects (97.5%), and 51 (63.7%) were monocolonized. S. sobrinus occurred in 29 individuals (36.3%) and 2 (2.5%) were monocolonized. Twenty-seven (33.8%) subjects were multicolonized with S. mutans and S. sobrinus. This study showed a high prevalence (86.0%) of mutans streptococci in the saliva of members of the studied families, which suggests the risk of intrafamilial transmission.
Assuntos
Saliva/microbiologia , Streptococcus mutans/isolamento & purificação , Adulto , Brasil , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Saúde da Família , Humanos , PrevalênciaRESUMO
The aim of this study was to determine whether microorganisms recovered from infected human root canals were able to survive and translocate to a local lymph node when experimentally inoculated into the root canal system of germ-free mice. The microorganisms isolated from two patients with pulpal necrosis were inoculated in two groups of experimental animals; group I (Gemella morbillorum) and group II (Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Clostridium butyricum). G. morbillorum showed the highest frequency of colonization and translocation to the draining lymph node. In group II only F. nucleatum and C. butyricum colonized and translocated when inoculated in tri-association. When the bacteria from group II were inoculated in monoinfection all three species colonized the root canal of germ-free mice and translocated to the draining lymph node, but with different frequencies. We conclude that selective mechanisms occur in which some bacterial species are fit to survive, multiply, and translocate in the germ-free mouse model.
Assuntos
Bactérias Anaeróbias/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Bactérias Anaeróbias/fisiologia , Translocação Bacteriana , Cavidade Pulpar/microbiologia , Necrose da Polpa Dentária/microbiologia , Linfonodos/microbiologia , Animais , Bacteriocinas/análise , Bifidobacterium/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Bifidobacterium/fisiologia , Clostridium/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Clostridium/fisiologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Fusobacterium nucleatum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Fusobacterium nucleatum/fisiologia , Vida Livre de Germes , Cocos Gram-Positivos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Cocos Gram-Positivos/fisiologia , Humanos , CamundongosRESUMO
The eradication of root canal infection is paramount in endodontic treatment. Because fungi are involved in some types of root canal infections, the purpose of this study was to investigate the antifungal effects of several medicaments against the following selected fungal species: Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida guilliermondii, Candida parapsilosis, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The agar diffusion test was the method used. Calcium sulphate or zinc oxide in glycerin showed no inhibitory effects towards any selected fungal species. The pastes of calcium sulphate or calcium hydroxide in camphorated paramonochlorophenol (CPMC)/glycerin showed the most pronounced antifungal effects. Calcium hydroxide in glycerin or chlorhexidine, and chlorhexidine in a detergent also showed antifungal activity, which was, however, much lower than the pastes of calcium sulphate or calcium hydroxide in CPMC/glycerin. Strategies using medicaments that have antifungal effects may assist in the successful management of persistent or secondary endodontic infections caused by fungi.
Assuntos
Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Candida/efeitos dos fármacos , Clorexidina/análogos & derivados , Irrigantes do Canal Radicular/farmacologia , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/efeitos dos fármacos , Anti-Infecciosos Locais/farmacologia , Hidróxido de Cálcio/farmacologia , Sulfato de Cálcio/farmacologia , Clorexidina/farmacologia , Doenças da Polpa Dentária/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças da Polpa Dentária/microbiologia , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Micoses/tratamento farmacológico , Óxido de Zinco/farmacologiaRESUMO
The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effects of oral hygiene solutions used for infants on biofilms formed in vitro from infants' saliva and dental plaque: ATCC reference strains A. viscosus; C. albicans; L. casei; S. mitis; S. mutans; S. oralis; S. sanguis; S. sobrinus and clinically isolated microorganisms (saliva) C. albicans, S. mitis, S. mutans, S. oralis, S. sanguis and S. sobrinus. After exposure of the oral biofilms to H2O2 diluted 1/4 to 1/16; and NaF 0.02 percent, concentrated and diluted 1/2, for 1 and 3 minutes, the viable count of microorganisms, compared to the controls was significantly reduced (p < 0.05). They also showed a significant antimicrobial effect for all the microorganisms evaluated, when compared to the control (p < 0.05). Exposure to sodium bicarbonate solution and a camomile solution, for 1 and 3 minutes, was not significantly lethal to oral biofilms nor to any microorganism evaluated, regardless of whether they were concentrated or diluted. We do not recommend the use of H2O2 but suggest using the camomile solution and NaF 0.02 percent in a rational manner for cleaning the infant's mouth.
Assuntos
Biofilmes/efeitos dos fármacos , Boca/efeitos dos fármacos , Boca/microbiologia , Antissépticos Bucais/farmacologia , Higiene Bucal/métodos , Placa Dentária/tratamento farmacológico , Placa Dentária/microbiologia , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Lactente , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana/métodos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana/estatística & dados numéricos , Antissépticos Bucais/uso terapêutico , Higiene Bucal/estatística & dados numéricos , Projetos Piloto , Saliva/efeitos dos fármacos , Saliva/microbiologia , SoluçõesRESUMO
The Brachyspira (formerly Serpulina) species rrl gene encoding 23S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) was used as a target for amplification of a 517bp DNA fragment by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The primers for PCR amplification had sequences that were conserved among Brachyspira 23S rRNA gene and were designed from nucleotide sequences of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, Serpulina intermedia, Brachyspira innocens and Brachyspira pilosicoli available from the GenBank database. Digestion of PCR-generated products from reference and field isolates of swine intestinal spirochetes with restriction enzymes Taq I and Alu I revealed five restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns. Each RFLP pattern corresponded to previously established genetic groups including B. hyodysenteriae (I), S. intermedia/B. innocens (II), Brachyspira murdochii (III), B. pilosicoli (IV) and B. alvinipulli (V). The 23S rRNA PCR/RFLP provided a relatively simple genotypic method for identification of porcine pathogenic B. hyodysenteriae and B. pilosicoli.
Assuntos
Enteropatias/veterinária , RNA Ribossômico 23S/genética , RNA Ribossômico/química , Spirochaetaceae/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Spirochaetales/veterinária , Doenças dos Suínos/diagnóstico , Animais , Primers do DNA/química , DNA Bacteriano/química , DNA Bacteriano/isolamento & purificação , Desoxirribonucleases de Sítio Específico do Tipo II/química , Eletroforese em Gel de Ágar/veterinária , Eletroforese em Gel de Poliacrilamida , Enteropatias/diagnóstico , Enteropatias/microbiologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , Polimorfismo de Fragmento de Restrição , RNA Ribossômico 23S/química , Alinhamento de Sequência , Spirochaetaceae/classificação , Spirochaetaceae/genética , Infecções por Spirochaetales/diagnóstico , Infecções por Spirochaetales/microbiologia , Suínos , Doenças dos Suínos/microbiologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this investigation was to examine the microbiota of infected root canals by using a molecular genetic method. STUDY DESIGN: The presence and levels of 42 bacterial species were determined in 28 root canal samples by using whole genomic DNA probes and checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization. To confirm the presence of bacterial DNA in clinical samples, a polymerase chain reaction with an ubiquitous bacterial primer was undertaken. RESULTS: The results of the checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization analysis showed that 22 of the 42 DNA probes tested were reactive with 1 or more samples. The number of bacterial species in the root canal samples ranged from 1 to 17 (mean, 4.7). Seventeen of the 28 root canal samples were positive for at least 1 DNA probe. The most prevalent species found were as follows: Bacteroides forsythus (39. 3% of the cases); Haemophilus aphrophilus (25%); Corynebacterium matruchotii (21.4%); Porphyromonas gingivalis (17.9%); and Treponema denticola (17.9%). CONCLUSIONS: The microbiologic data of the present investigation indicated that molecular genetic methods can provide significant additional knowledge regarding the endodontic microbiota by detecting bacterial species that are difficult or impossible to culture. In addition, our findings support the current concept that endodontic infections are mixed infections of polymicrobial etiology.
Assuntos
Infecções Bacterianas/diagnóstico , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Doenças da Polpa Dentária/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Adulto , Bactérias/genética , Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Infecções Bacterianas/microbiologia , Sondas de DNA , DNA Bacteriano/isolamento & purificação , Cavidade Pulpar/microbiologia , Doenças da Polpa Dentária/microbiologia , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Hibridização de Ácido Nucleico/métodosRESUMO
Pathogenic intestinal spirochaetes of pigs include Brachyspira (formerly Serpulina) hyodysenteriae, the cause of swine dysentery, and Brachyspira pilosicoli, the cause of porcine colonic spirochetosis (PCS). The purpose of this study was to assess the relative importance of Brachyspira species in diarrhoeal disease of growing pigs on farms in southern Brazil. The intensity and pattern of haemolysis, the production of indole and the hydrolysis of hippurate by reference and field porcine intestinal spirochaetes were compared with 16S-ribosomal RNA (mRNA)- and 23S-rRNA-based polymerase chain reaction assays for the identification of B hyodysenteriae and B pilosicoli. Between July and October 1998, 206 rectal swabs were taken from pigs on 17 farms with a history of diarrhoea developing within 30 days after they had been moved from nursery to growing facilities. Of 49 beta-haemolytic spirochaetes that were cultured, 29 (59.2 per cent) were grown in pure culture for phenotypic and genotypic characterisation, leaving 20 untyped. Of the 29 typed isolates, eight isolates obtained from six farms were identified as B hyodysenteriae, and 15 isolates obtained from seven other farms were identified as B pilosicoli; the remaining six isolates were identified as weakly beta-haemolytic commensal spirochaetes. There was complete agreement between the results of the phenotypic and genotypic analyses.