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BACKGROUND: Parasitic diseases of pigs are a public and veterinary health problem. Helminths influence pork production, whereas backyard pigs can transmit these parasites. OBJECTIVES: This work aimed to investigate the prevalence of antibodies against Ascaris suum and Trichinella spiralis in backyard pigs from Jamiltepec, Region de la Costa, Oaxaca, in Southwestern Mexico. METHODS: Six hundred sixty-four serum samples were obtained from backyard pigs from 23 rural villages distributed in 5 municipalities; samples were taken in a non-probabilistic manner with the owner's consent. The presence of serum antibodies against a total extract of A. suum adult worm was determined by ELISA. In contrast, antibodies to the excretion-secretion products of the T. spiralis muscle larva were determined by Western blot. RESULTS: The global seroprevalence for A. suum was 5.12% and 2.41% for T. spiralis; however, antibodies were only found in 8 villages and distributed in 3 municipalities. The highest frequency of positivity for Ascaris was found in the municipality of Santa Catarina Mechoacán (13.01%), whereas, in Santa María Huazalotitlán, the highest frequency of positivity for Trichinella was found (5.75%). In San Andrés, frequencies were 7.23% and 4.82%, respectively. No statistical differences were observed between populations. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that helminth transmission is restricted by locality. However, further studies must be conducted to understand the factors limiting this transmission to promote pork meat production in parasite-free zones.
Assuntos
Ascaríase , Ascaris suum , Doenças dos Suínos , Trichinella spiralis , Triquinelose , Animais , México/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Suínos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Suínos/parasitologia , Triquinelose/epidemiologia , Triquinelose/veterinária , Triquinelose/parasitologia , Suínos , Ascaríase/epidemiologia , Ascaríase/veterinária , Trichinella spiralis/isolamento & purificação , Trichinella spiralis/imunologia , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Prevalência , Sus scrofa , Anticorpos Anti-Helmínticos/sangue , Anticorpos Anti-Helmínticos/análise , População Rural/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
Trichinella is a nematode that are spread by the consumption of parasitized meat. Carnivora, a mammalian order, serve as key hosts for this parasite. However, evidence of Trichinella in wildlife from the Neotropics is extremely scarce, with reports documenting its presence only for five carnivore species: two Felidae, one Otariidae and two Mustelidae. Other widely distributed species that are consumed as bushmeat, such as Procyonidae, have not been studied in this context. A long-term study was performed for antibodies against Trichinella in coatis (Nasua narica) and common raccoons (Procyon lotor) in southeastern Mexico. Between the summer of 2009 to the winter 2013, a total of 291 coati samples and 125 raccoon samples were collected from a tropical green area located within an urban zone. An Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect antibodies against the excretory and secretory products of Trichinella spiralis muscle larva. ELISA-positive samples were further confirmed by Western Blot analysis. Results showed no evidence of antibodies during the first two years of study. However, in 2011, a sudden appearance of anti-Trichinella occurred. The seroprevalence reached its highest peak of 43% for coatis during winter 2013 and 53% for raccoons in summer 2013. This is the first study that provides evidence of Trichinella circulation within a neotropical procyonid community.
Assuntos
Mustelidae , Procyonidae , Trichinella , Animais , Guaxinins/parasitologia , Procyonidae/parasitologia , México , Estudos SoroepidemiológicosRESUMO
The different microorganisms that make up the normal microbiota of birds can be present in different substrates such as the soil and other elements that make up the habitat. In the case of the cattle egret, the intestinal microbiota can change due to partially migratory habits. Thus, this study aimed to isolate and identified fungi and yeasts with zoonotic potential obtained from cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis) droppings settler in Tulancingo, Hidalgo, at Eastern economic zone of Mexico. Cattle egret droppings were collected for analysis, a total of 240 pool samples, which were spread on Sabouraud agar and incubated at 25.00 - 37.00 ËC for 2 to 3 days. Filamentous fungi and yeast were identified by morphology and Lactophenol Blue staining or Chinese Ink stains. Filamentous fungi genera Mucor spp. (42.35%), Rhizopus spp. (26.71%); Penicillium spp. (13.35%); Paecilomyces spp. (11.40%); Scedosporium spp. (1.95%); and, from yeasts such as Cryptococcus spp. (2.29%); Rhodotorula spp. (1.95%) were identified. In this work, the presence of filamentous fungi genera and yeasts with zoonotic potential were isolated from droppings of cattle egret. The clinical presentation of fungal infections in humans can occur when immunosuppression is present or different predisposition factors are conjugated. The presence of birds and their dropping in anthropogenic activities is not a predisposing factor for the presentation of the disease in immunologically competent humans.
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In Mexico, for the past 30 years, a continuous decrease in the incidence of clinical taeniosis/cysticercosis has been documented. This work aimed to determine the influence of improvement in socioeconomic conditions on the prevalence of Taenia solium in four endemic communities in northwestern Mexico. This study was carried out in two phases. First, documentary information (1989-2018) was collected about the prevalence of Theridion solium in the federal entity of Sinaloa State. Second, a pilot study was performed in four communities of Sinaloa, which had an endemic history of Taenia transmission. In each community, a risk factor questionnaire was applied, and serum and stool samples were collected for convenience in a non-probabilistic way. Anti-cysticercus antibodies and adult worm coproantigen were determined. The documentary analysis showed the incidence of taeniosis and cysticercosis to have decreased by 98 and 53%, respectively, while the human development index increased by 5% (1992-2017). Our data suggest that the risk of parasitic transmission is low, although female sex was a risk factor for reporting tremors or seizures (prevalence rate 2.1336, CI: 1.1821-3.8508) and background of tapeworm infection (prevalence rate 1.2893, CI: 0.9795-1.6972). No tapeworms or eggs were found while examining stool samples, but protozoa cysts were observed in four samples. Unexpectedly, only one of the 79 stool samples was positive for coproantigens. This positive result was confirmed in a second sample. However, the evaluation of a third sample was negative. No antibodies were found in human (n = 377) or pig (n = 69) samples. These data suggest parasite transmission has been interrupted and could be possibly associated with improving socioeconomic conditions. Further studies are needed to determine the real prevalence of zoonoses in Mexico.
Assuntos
Cisticercose , Doenças dos Suínos , Taenia solium , Teníase , Feminino , Humanos , Suínos , Animais , Prevalência , México/epidemiologia , Projetos Piloto , Óvulo , Cisticercose/epidemiologia , Cisticercose/parasitologia , Cisticercose/veterinária , Teníase/epidemiologia , Teníase/parasitologia , Teníase/veterinária , Doenças dos Suínos/epidemiologia , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
Aquaculture parasite biodiversity dependents on multiple environmental characteristics, including water quality. The analysis of this relationship aims to support improvements in the production management of tilapia. For this purpose, a total of 100 juvenile fishes (Oreochromis spp.) and 30 water samples were collected at Valle del Mezquital in the Central-Eastern socioeconomical region of Mexico. A study of parasite biodiversity was carried out and water quality parameters were determined. Biodiversity in the habitat was measured using the Simpson diversity index, which considers the number of species present and the abundance of each one; we also calculate the Berger-Parker index to estimate the proportional importance of the most abundant species. In general, it was found that 86% of the examined specimens were parasitized. Parasite biodiversity was 11 genera (Simpson index = 0.55). Trichodina spp. (Ciliophora) was the dominant genus (Berger-Parker index = 0.51). The protozoa Apiosoma spp. was associated with the water hardness (Berger-Parker index = 0.57). Furthermore, the presence of monogeneans showed a positive correlation with the levels of nitrites and ammonium in the water (Berger-Parker index = 0.06-0.55). This characterization may represent a useful tool in the comprehensive management of parasites that affect the farmed tilapia. However, new data is necessary to expand the knowledge about the environment-host-parasite relationship.
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Tilapia has a high socioeconomic value in many countries worldwide. However, it has been identified as a zoonotic parasite reservoir. A systematic literature search and meta-analysis were carried out in order to estimate the global prevalence of zoonotic parasites that affect tilapia. The search was performed by three field experts to avoid reviewer bias. Polled prevalence was estimated using a logistic-normal random-effect regression model in the R software. We dealt with the heterogeneity among studies through subgroup analysis, taking into account the continent, country, genus of the host, parasite taxonomic group, sample origin, and type of diagnostic test as moderator variables. Fifty-two eligible articles were identified covering five tilapia genera with a pooled prevalence of 0.14 (95% CI: 0.10−0.20) showed significant heterogeneity (I2 = 98.4; p < 0.001). The subgroup analysis revealed that the most affected host was Sarotherodon, with a prevalence of 0.42 (95% CI: 0.22−0.65). Cestode was the taxonomic group with the largest prevalence (0.40; 95% CI:0.32−0.48), followed by amoeba (0.24; 95% CI: 0.16−0.35) and nematode (0.22; 95% CI: 0.11−0.38), among which, Schyzocotyle spp., Opistorchis spp., Gnathostoma spp. and Vermamoeba spp. have an impact on public health. Significant differences (p < 0.004) were found among continents and countries, with the highest value of prevalence detected in the African continent (0.28; 95% CI: 0.20−0.37), specifically in Tanzania (0.56; 95% CI: 0.22−0.87) and Egypt (0.43; 95% CI: 0.20−0.55). The origin of samples had a significant effect (p < 0.0001) on the detected prevalence, especially from those that showed the highest prevalence (0.24; 95% CI: 0.17−0.33). Finally, there were no differences in prevalence according to the diagnostic test (p = 0.97). Our results provide useful information on the development of epidemiological programs for the control of zoonoses associated with parasites in tilapia and in the design, planning, and implementation of future research.
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We study the kinetics of eosinophils during the development of the cellular infiltrate surrounding the nurse cell of Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis) in experimentally infected mice. Male CD1 mice were experimentally infected with 50 viable muscle larvae of the MSUS/MEX/91/CM-91 T. spiralis strain. Tongues and diaphragms were obtained daily from days 13 to 39 post infection. Diaphragms were compressed and subjected to Giemsa stain. Tongues were histologically sectioned and stained with erythrosine B or hematoxylin and eosin. The cellular infiltrate and the nurse cell-larva complex were detected by optical microscopy since day 16 post infection. The size of the larva increased exponentially during the course of the infection. The kinetics of eosinophils showed a multimodal trend, with a bimodal predominance. The maximum peaks were reached on days 21 and 27 post infection. The results of this study demonstrate that eosinophils occur abundantly in two transcendent moments of the T. spiralis life cycle: first, when the stage 1 larva invades the myocyte and second when the nurse cell-larva complex has been fully developed. These results help one to understand the immunobiology of T. spiralis, highlighting the importance of eosinophils in the survival of the larva in skeletal muscle. Further studies are needed to characterize the cell populations that comprise the cellular infiltrate during the development of the mother cell.
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Wild boars (Sus scrofa) were introduced in Mexico for sport hunting and meat trading for human consumption, but the available data regarding their role in pathogen transmission are limited. This research and field work aimed to identify the helminths of the wild boar produced in three units of conservation management and sustainable use of wildlife placed in the eastern economic region of Mexico. Samples of feces and serum were collected from 90 animals that came from three different ranches. Stool examination and antibody determination to Fasciola hepatica, Taenia crassciceps, Ascaris suum, Toxocara canis (ELISA), and Trichinella spiralis (Western blot) were performed. In addition, 30 diaphragm samples from one ranch were obtained for artificial digestion. Eggs of Strongyloides sp. (72.2%), Metastrongylus sp. (57.7%), Oesophagostomum sp. (53.3%), and Trichuris sp. (37.7%) were found in addition to oocysts of Eimeria sp. (75.6%). Antibodies to Fasciola (8.9%), Taenia (4.4%), Ascaris (32.2%), Toxocara (20%), and Trichinella (5.5%) were found. The eggs of Strongyloides and Oesophagostomum were associated to female hosts. One nematode larva was found by artificial digestion. This is the first report to identify helminths from wild boars in Mexico. In addition, this study identifies the potential risk of the wild boar as a transmission channel of parasites that can have an impact on public health.
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The enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot (EITB) assay to detect antibodies in serum is a complementary tool for the diagnosis of neurocysticercosis (NCC). Presence of at least one glycoprotein band corresponding to a Taenia solium (T. solium) antigen indicates a positive result; however, EITB assays have multiple glycoprotein bands, and previous work has suggested that band patterns may have additional diagnostic value. We included 58 participants with a definitive diagnosis of NCC who received care at the Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía in Mexico City. Three different EITB tests were applied to participants' serum samples (LDBio, France; US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]; and Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos [InDRE]). There was substantial variability in specific glycoprotein band patterns among the three assays. However, in age- and sex-adjusted logistic regression models, the number of glycoprotein bands was positively associated with the presence of vesicular extraparenchymal cysts (InDRE adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.60 p < 0.001; CDC aOR 6.31 p < 0.001; LDBio aOR 2.45 p < 0.001) and negatively associated with the presence of calcified parenchymal cysts (InDRE aOR 0.63 p < 0.001; CDC aOR 0.25 p < 0.001; LDBio aOR 0.44 p < 0.001). In a sensitivity analysis also adjusting for cyst count, results were similar. In all three EITB serum antibody tests, the number of glycoprotein bands consistently predicted cyst stage and location, although magnitude of effect differed.
Assuntos
Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/métodos , Glicoproteínas/análise , Proteínas de Helminto/análise , Neurocisticercose/diagnóstico , Taenia solium/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Anticorpos Anti-Helmínticos/análise , Antígenos de Helmintos/análise , Antígenos de Helmintos/imunologia , Feminino , França , Glicoproteínas/imunologia , Proteínas de Helminto/imunologia , Humanos , Masculino , México , Neurocisticercose/parasitologia , Razão de Chances , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Taenia solium/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Taenia solium/imunologiaRESUMO
This work aimed to investigate the prevalence of Trichinella infection in horses (Equus ferus caballus) handled by rural slaughterhouses across five distinctive socioeconomic regions in Mexico. Serum samples were obtained by non-probabilistic convenience sampling in the Eastern, Southern Central and Western regions (100 samples of each). Additionally, muscle tissue samples were collected from the East (n=45), Southeastern (n=88), Southern Central (n=39) and Southwestern (n=11) regions. Antibodies were determined by Western blot and the muscle tissue was examined by artificial digestion. A global antibody prevalence of 2% was obtained. Regionally, a prevalence of 5% was observed in the East and 1% in the Southern Central region. No antibodies were detected in the West region and no larvae were found in the muscle tissue samples. These findings support the low presence of Trichinella in Mexican horses, which can positively impact the Mexican horse meat trade.