RESUMO
Syphilis is an infectious disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. It can cause ocular compromise at any stage, in immunocompetent or immunocompromised patients. Even though the ocular form is not frequent, due to the increase in the incidence of syphilis in recent years, it is mandatory to take it into consideration as a differential diagnosis in visual disorders. The most common clinical presentation is uveitis. Diagnosis is based on the presence of clinical signs and symptoms consistent with ophthalmologic involvement in a patient with syphilis. The CSF study should be performed on a clinical basis, to rule out concomitant neurological involvement. We present 5 cases of ocular syphilis, its clinical manifestations, treatment and evolution.
La sífilis es una enfermedad infecciosa causada por la espiroqueta Treponema pallidum. Puede producir compromiso ocular en cualquier estadio, en pacientes inmunocompetentes o inmunocomprometidos. Si bien la frecuencia de presentación de la forma ocular no es alta, debido al aumento de la incidencia de sífilis en los últimos años, es necesario tenerla en cuenta como diagnóstico diferencial en los trastornos visuales. La presentación clínica más frecuente es la uveítis. Se objetiva ante la presencia de signos y síntomas clínicos consistentes con afectación oftalmológica en un paciente con sífilis. El estudio del LCR debe realizarse ante la sospecha clínica, para descartar compromiso neurológico concomitante. Comunicamos 5 casos de sífilis ocular, sus manifestaciones clínicas, tratamiento y evolución.
Assuntos
Infecções Oculares Bacterianas , Oftalmologistas , Sífilis , Humanos , Sífilis/diagnóstico , Sífilis/tratamento farmacológico , Sífilis/complicações , Treponema pallidum , Infecções Oculares Bacterianas/diagnóstico , Infecções Oculares Bacterianas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Oculares Bacterianas/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Resumen La sífilis es una enfermedad infecciosa causada por la espiroqueta Treponema pallidum. Puede producir com promiso ocular en cualquier estadio, en pacientes in munocompetentes o inmunocomprometidos. Si bien la frecuencia de presentación de la forma ocular no es alta, debido al aumento de la incidencia de sífilis en los últimos años, es necesario tenerla en cuenta como diagnóstico diferencial en los trastornos visuales. La presentación clínica más frecuente es la uveítis. Se objetiva ante la presencia de signos y síntomas clínicos consistentes con afectación oftalmológica en un pacien te con sífilis. El estudio del LCR debe realizarse ante la sospecha clínica, para descartar compromiso neurológi co concomitante. Comunicamos 5 casos de sífilis ocular, sus manifestaciones clínicas, tratamiento y evolución.
Abstract Syphilis is an infectious disease caused by the spi rochete Treponema pallidum. It can cause ocular compro mise at any stage, in immunocompetent or immunocom promised patients. Even though the ocular form is not frequent, due to the increase in the incidence of syphilis in recent years, it is mandatory to take it into consider ation as a differential diagnosis in visual disorders. The most common clinical presentation is uveitis. Diagnosis is based on the presence of clinical signs and symptoms consistent with ophthalmologic involvement in a patient with syphilis. The CSF study should be performed on a clinical basis, to rule out concomitant neurological involvement. We present 5 cases of ocular syphilis, its clinical manifestations, treatment and evolution.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Information about COVID infection in physicians is limited. This knowledge would allow the implementation of actions to reduce its impact. The objective was determining the incidence of SARSCoV-2 infection in physicians from health institutions in Argentina, its characteristics, and associated factors. METHODS: We conducted a multicenter prospective / retrospective cohort study with nested case-control study. Physicians active at the beginning of the pandemic were included, those on leave due to risk factors were excluded. The incidence of confirmed cases was estimated. We conducted bivariate analyses with various factors and used those significant in a logistic regression. RESULTS: Three hundred and forty three physicians with COVID-infection from 8 centers were included. The incidence of disease was 12.1% and that of global absenteeism related to COVID, 34.1%. Almost 70% of close contacts were work-related. In the multivariate analysis living in Autonomous City of Buenos Aires (CABA) (OR 0.19, p = 0.01), working in high-risk areas (OR 0.22, p = 0.01) and individual transportation (OR 0, 34, p = 0.03) reduced the risk of COVID. The odds of infection increased 5.6 times (p = 0.02) for each close contact isolation. DISCUSSION: The number of close contact isolation increased considerably the risk of infection. Living in Buenos Aires City, individual transportation and working in high-risk areas reduced it. Given the high frequency of close contact in the workplace, we strongly recommend the reinforcement of prevention measures in rest areas and non-COVID-wards.
Introducción: La información sobre COVID en médicos es limitada. Su conocimiento permitiría implementar acciones para reducir su impacto. El objetivo general fue determinar la incidencia de infección por SARS-CoV-2 en médicos de instituciones de salud de Argentina, sus características y factores asociados. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio multicéntrico de cohorte prospectiva/retrospectiva con estudio de casos-controles anidado. Se incluyeron médicos activos al inicio de la pandemia no exceptuados por riesgo. Se estimó incidencia de casos confirmados. Se compararon factores asociados en casos y controles y se creó un modelo de regresión logística con las variables significativas del análisis bivariado. Resultados: Se incluyeron 343 médicos con COVID de 8 centros. La incidencia de la enfermedad fue de 12.1% y la de ausentismo global relacionado a COVID, de 34.1%. El 70% de los contactos estrechos fueron laborales. En el análisis multivariado de casos y controles, la residencia en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (OR 0.19, p = 0.01), el trabajo en áreas de alto riesgo (OR 0.22, p = 0.01) y vehículo individual (OR 0.34, p = 0.03) redujeron el riesgo de COVID. El odds de enfermar aumentó 4.6 veces (p = 0.02) por cada aislamiento por contacto estrecho. Discusión: El riesgo de enfermar aumentó considerablemente con cada aislamiento por contacto estrecho. La residencia en Ciudad Autónoma, el traslado en vehículo individual y el trabajo en áreas de alto riesgo lo redujeron. Dada la alta frecuencia de contactos estrechos en el ámbito laboral recomendamos reforzar las medidas de prevención en áreas de descanso y no COVID.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Médicos , Argentina/epidemiologia , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Humanos , Incidência , Estudos Prospectivos , Estudos Retrospectivos , SARS-CoV-2RESUMO
Resumen Introducción: La información sobre COVID en médicos es limitada. Su conocimiento permitiría implementar acciones para reducir su impacto. El objetivo general fue determinar la incidencia de infección por SARS-CoV-2 en médicos de instituciones de salud de Argentina, sus características y factores aso ciados. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio multicéntrico de cohorte prospectiva/retrospectiva con estudio de casos-controles anidado. Se incluyeron médicos activos al inicio de la pandemia no exceptuados por riesgo. Se estimó incidencia de casos confirmados. Se compararon factores asociados en casos y controles y se creó un modelo de regresión logística con las variables significativas del análisis bivariado. Resultados: Se incluyeron 343 médicos con COVID de 8 centros. La incidencia de la enfermedad fue de 12.1% y la de ausentismo global relacionado a COVID, de 34.1%. El 70% de los contactos estrechos fueron laborales. En el análisis multivariado de casos y controles, la residencia en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (OR 0.19, p = 0.01), el trabajo en áreas de alto riesgo (OR 0.22, p = 0.01) y vehículo individual (OR 0.34, p = 0.03) redujeron el riesgo de COVID. El odds de enfermar aumentó 4.6 veces (p = 0.02) por cada aislamiento por contacto estrecho. Discusión: El riesgo de enfermar aumentó considerablemente con cada aislamiento por contacto estrecho. La residencia en Ciudad Autónoma, el traslado en vehículo individual y el trabajo en áreas de alto riesgo lo redujeron. Dada la alta frecuencia de contactos estrechos en el ámbito laboral recomendamos reforzar las medidas de prevención en áreas de descanso y no COVID.
Abstract Background: Information about COVID infection in physicians is limited. This knowledge would allow the implementation of actions to reduce its impact. The objective was determining the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in physicians from health institutions in Argentina, its characteristics, and associated factors. Methods: We conducted a multicenter prospective / retrospective cohort study with nested case-control study. Physicians active at the beginning of the pandemic were included, those on leave due to risk factors were excluded. The incidence of confirmed cases was estimated. We conducted bivariate analyses with various factors and used those significant in a logistic regression. Results: Three hundred and forty three physicians with COVID-infection from 8 centers were included. The incidence of disease was 12.1% and that of global absenteeism related to COVID, 34.1%. Almost 70% of close contacts were work-related. In the multivariate analysis living in Autonomous City of Buenos Aires (CABA) (OR 0.19, p = 0.01), working in high-risk areas (OR 0.22, p = 0.01) and individual transportation (OR 0, 34, p = 0.03) reduced the risk of COVID. The odds of infection increased 5.6 times (p = 0.02) for each close contact isolation. Discussion: The number of close contact isolation increased considerably the risk of infection. Living in Buenos Aires City, individual transpor tation and working in high-risk areas reduced it. Given the high frequency of close contact in the workplace, we strongly recommend the reinforcement of prevention measures in rest areas and non-COVID-wards.
RESUMO
Infections associated with neurosurgical procedures are serious complications that contribute to the morbidity and mortality of neurocritical patients, as well as to the prolongation of the stay in the ICU and the hospital. The diagnosis is complex since there is no gold standard, so it is based on clinical suspicion, CSF physical-chemical examination, and microbial isolation. Treatment should be initiated early, guided by local epidemiology. The duration will depend on the causative microorganism, its sensitivity and the availability of antibiotic treatments that are effective at the site of infection. The implementation of preventive measures with proven efficacy minimizes the risk of infection. This SADI-SATI intersociety update reviews relevant data recently published on this area at the national at international level regarding epidemiology, diagnostic methodologies, therapeutic approaches, and prevention guidelines.
Las infecciones asociadas a procedimientos neuroquirúrgicos son complicaciones graves que contribuyen a la morbimortalidad de los pacientes neurocríticos, así como también a la prolongación de la estancia en la UTI y/o en el hospital. El diagnóstico es complejo ya que no se dispone de gold standard y se apoya en la sospecha clínica, las alteraciones físico-químicas del líquido cefalorraquídeo y el aislamiento microbiano. El tratamiento debe ser precoz y guiado por la epidemiología local. La duración dependerá del microorganismo causal, su sensibilidad y la disponibilidad de tratamientos antibióticos efectivos en el sitio de la infección. La implementación de medidas de prevención con evidencia demostrada minimiza el riesgo de infección. Esta puesta al día intersociedades SADI-SATI presenta datos epidemiológicos (internacionales y locales), métodos diagnósticos, tratamiento, y pautas de prevención, considerando las publicaciones más relevantes de los últimos años sobre el tema.
Assuntos
Ventriculite Cerebral/etiologia , Meningites Bacterianas/etiologia , Procedimentos Neurocirúrgicos/efeitos adversos , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/etiologia , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Ventriculite Cerebral/diagnóstico , Ventriculite Cerebral/tratamento farmacológico , Líquido Cefalorraquidiano/microbiologia , Humanos , Meningites Bacterianas/diagnóstico , Meningites Bacterianas/tratamento farmacológico , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/diagnóstico , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/tratamento farmacológico , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Las infecciones asociadas a procedimientos neuroquiró;ºrgicos son complicaciones graves que contribuyen a la morbimortalidad de los pacientes neurocríticos, así como tambín a la prolongació;n de la estancia en la UTI y/o en el hospital. El diagnó;stico es complejo ya que no se dispone de gold standard y se apoya en la sospecha clínica, las alteraciones físico-químicas del líquido cefalorraquídeo y el aislamiento microbiano. El tratamiento debe ser precoz y guiado por la epidemiología local. La duració;n dependerá del microorganismo causal, su sensibilidad y la disponibilidad de tratamientos antibió;ticos efectivos en el sitio de la infecció;n. La implementació;n de medidas de prevenció;n con evidencia demostrada minimiza el riesgo de infecció;n. Esta puesta al día intersociedades SADI-SATI presenta datos epidemioló;gicos (internacionales y locales), mó;©todos diagnó;sticos, tratamiento, y pautas de prevenció;n, considerando las publicaciones más relevantes de los ó;ºltimos aó;±os sobre el tema.
Infections associated with neurosurgical procedures are serious complications that contribute to the morbidity and mortality of neurocritical patients, as well as to the prolongation of the stay in the ICU and the hospital. The diagnosis is complex since there is no gold standard, so it is based on clinical suspicion, CSF physical-chemical examination, and microbial isolation. Treatment should be initiated early, guided by local epidemiology. The duration will depend on the causative microorganism, its sensitivity and the availability of antibiotic treatments that are effective at the site of infection. The implementation of preventive measures with proven efficacy minimizes the risk of infection. This SADI-SATI intersociety update reviews relevant data recently published on this area at the national at international level regarding epidemiology, diagnostic methodologies, therapeutic approaches, and prevention guidelines.
Assuntos
Humanos , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/etiologia , Meningites Bacterianas/etiologia , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Procedimentos Neurocirúrgicos/efeitos adversos , Ventriculite Cerebral/etiologia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/diagnóstico , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/tratamento farmacológico , Líquido Cefalorraquidiano/microbiologia , Fatores de Risco , Meningites Bacterianas/diagnóstico , Meningites Bacterianas/tratamento farmacológico , Ventriculite Cerebral/diagnóstico , Ventriculite Cerebral/tratamento farmacológico , Antibacterianos/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Early recognition and prompt specific treatment are crucial factors influencing the outcome of patients with acute encephalitis. The aim of this study was to determine the main causes of acute encephalitis in our population and to find predictors that may lead to specific diagnosis. Adult patients admitted to our hospital with suspected diagnosis of encephalitis in the period 2006-2013 were included. One hundred and five medical records were analyzed. Eighty-two patients with infectious encephalitis were identified (78% of total cases), 53 (65%) men and 29 (35%) women, mean age 47.8 years. The most common microorganisms identified were: HSV-1 (11%), VZV (10%), HSV-2 (5%) and EBV (5%). Twenty-three patients (22% of the series) had non-infectious encephalitis. Headache (p < 0.0001) and fever (p = 0.008) were more frequent in encephalitis of infectious origin. Protein levels and white blood cell counts in the cerebrospinal fluid were significantly higher in patients affected by infectious encephalitis than in those affected by noninfectious encephalitis (OR 95% CI 12.3 [2.9-51.7] and OR 95% CI 7.4 [2-27], respectively). Identifying specific causal agents of acute encephalitis remains a major challenge. Cerebrospinal fluid markers, as well as specific clinical findings, may however contribute to initial differentiation between infectious and noninfectious causes.
Assuntos
Encefalite/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Encefalite/diagnóstico , Encefalite Infecciosa/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Encefalite Infecciosa/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Anti-Infecciosos/uso terapêutico , Anticorpos , Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Diferenciação Celular , Líquido Cefalorraquidiano , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Diagnóstico Precoce , Encefalite/tratamento farmacológico , Encefalite Viral/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Encefalite Viral/diagnóstico , Encefalite Viral/tratamento farmacológico , Feminino , Humanos , Encefalite Infecciosa/tratamento farmacológico , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Prognóstico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Early recognition and prompt specific treatment are crucial factors influencing the outcome of patients with acute encephalitis. The aim of this study was to determine the main causes of acute encephalitis in our population and to find predictors that may lead to specific diagnosis. Adult patients admitted to our hospital with suspected diagnosis of encephalitis in the period 2006-2013 were included. One hundred and five medical records were analyzed. Eighty-two patients with infectious encephalitis were identified (78% of total cases), 53 (65%) men and 29 (35%) women, mean age 47.8 years. The most common microorganisms identified were: HSV-1 (11%), VZV (10%), HSV-2 (5%) and EBV (5%). Twenty-three patients (22% of the series) had non-infectious encephalitis. Headache (p < 0.0001) and fever (p = 0.008) were more frequent in encephalitis of infectious origin. Protein levels and white blood cell counts in the cerebrospinal fluid were significantly higher in patients affected by infectious encephalitis than in those affected by noninfectious encephalitis (OR 95% CI 12.3 [2.9-51.7] and OR 95% CI 7.4 [2-27], respectively). Identifying specific causal agents of acute encephalitis remains a major challenge. Cerebrospinal fluid markers, as well as specific clinical findings, may however contribute to initial differentiation between infectious and noninfectious causes.
El reconocimiento temprano y la instauración del tratamiento adecuado son dos elementos de gran relevancia en el pronóstico de las encefalitis agudas. El objetivo del presente trabajo es determinar las principales causas de encefalitis aguda en nuestro medio, así como buscar predictores que permitan orientar a un diagnóstico determinado. Se revisaron de manera retrospectiva las historias clínicas de todos los pacientes adultos que consultaron en nuestro centro entre 2006 y 2013 con el diagnóstico presuntivo de encefalitis. Ciento cinco pacientes fueron finalmente incluidos en nuestro estudio. Se identificaron 82 pacientes con encefalitis de origen infeccioso (78%), 53 (65%) fueron hombres y 29 (35%) mujeres, con una edad promedio de 47.8 años. Los agentes infecciosos más frecuentes fueron virus: HSV-1 12 (11%), VZV 11 (10%), HSV-2 5 (5%) y EBV 5 (5%). Se diagnosticó encefalitis no infecciosa en 23 (22%) pacientes. La cefalea (p < 0.0001) y la fiebre (p = 0.008) fueron más frecuentes en las encefalitis de origen infeccioso. Además, los niveles de proteínas y células en el LCR fueron significativamente mayores en los casos de etiología infecciosa que en los de etiología no infecciosa (OR 12.3 95%CI [2.9-51.7] y OR 7.4 95%CI [2-27], respectivamente). La identificación de la etiología específica de las encefalitis agudas continúa siendo un gran desafío y en la mayoría de los casos no se identifica el agente causal. Determinados marcadores en el LCR pueden contribuir a la identificación inicial de las encefalitis de etiología infecciosa versus no infecciosa.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Adulto Jovem , Encefalite/diagnóstico , Encefalite/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Encefalite Infecciosa/diagnóstico , Encefalite Infecciosa/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Prognóstico , Diferenciação Celular , Líquido Cefalorraquidiano , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Estudos Retrospectivos , Diagnóstico Precoce , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Anti-Infecciosos/uso terapêutico , AnticorposRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Invasive aspergillosis (IA) of the central nervous system (CNS) is an uncommon condition that usually occurs in immunocompromised patients. This illness can manifest as meningitis, or as a micotic aneurism, stroke or abscess. The infection affects the CNS either primarily or, more often, secondarily via blood dissemination from a distant focus, and has a poor prognosis. We present a patient with IA primarily affecting the cervical bones, with later spread into the brain. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 25-year old male was receiving chemotherapy for acute lymphocytic leukemia when he developed pneumonitis secondary to methotrexate and was started on corticosteroids. He subsequently developed cervicalgia, prompting a needle biopsy of the fourth vertebrae, after which a diagnosis of osteomyelitis was made. Even though the biopsy culture was negative, empirical antibiotics were initiated. A parietal lobe lesion was treated surgically months later after the patient presented with three episodes of transient aphasia. After A. fumigatus grew in culture, the patient's antibiotic regimen was changed to treat the specific agent with a good response. CONCLUSION: IA must be considered a possibility whenever an immunocompromised patient presents with a new brain lesion. These lesions require surgical evacuation, a procedure that allows for diagnostic confirmation and enhances prognosis. Appropriate anti-fungal therapy must be started as soon as the diagnosis is confirmed. In addition, the patient's neurological exam must be repeated and images obtained periodically to monitor treatment and detect possible recurrences.
RESUMO
Actinobaculum schaalii may be a more common urinary tract pathogen than previously described. Here we report four cases of A. schaalii UTIs and we also propose a simple identification scheme to be used in the conventional microbiology laboratory based on standard biochemical tests.