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The 2019 coronavirus (COVID-19) can generate acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), requiring advanced management within the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) using invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV However, managing this phenomenon has seen learning and improvements through direct experience. Therefore, this study aims were to describe the assessment of the different IMV variables in patients with post-COVID-19 hospitalized in the ICU and their relation with mortality. Observational and retrospective study. The sample was divided into two, the surviving group (SG) and the non-surviving group (NSG). Clinical data were extracted from the electronic clinical file and the respiratory therapist record sheet. The following information was obtained: Patient medical history: gender, age, co-morbidities, arterial gases, days on IMV, and IMV parameters. Out of a total of 101 patients, the total mortality was 32%. There was a significant decrease in respiratory rate (RR) (29.12 ± 4.24-26.78 ± 3.59, p = 0.006), Driving pressure (DP) (11.33 ± 2.39-9.67 ± 1.84, p = 0.002), Ventilatory rate (VR) (2.26 ± 0.66-1.89 ± 0.45, p = 0.001) and a significant rise in Static compliance (Cest) (35.49 ± 8.64-41.45 ± 9.62, p = 0.003) and relation between Arterial oxygen pressure/Inspirated oxygen fraction (PaO2/FiO2) (201.5 ± 53.98- 227.8 ± 52.11, p = 0.008) after 72 h of IMV, within the NSG compared to the SG. Apart from these points, multi-morbidity (HR = 3.208, p = 0.010) and DP (HR = 1.228, p = 0.030) and VR variables (HR = 2.267, p = 0.027) had more death probabilities. The results of this study indicate that there was a significant increase in RR, DP, VR, and CO2 and a significant drop in Cest and PaO2/FiO2 among the NSG compared with the SG. Apart from this, the DP and VR variables, multi-morbidity and being male. have more possibility of death.

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Objective: There is evidence that indicates that the Walked Distance (WD) in the 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) would be sensitive to the type of track and encouragement. The aim of study was compared the impact of track type and verbal encouragement provided in the 6MWT on WD, physiological cost, perceived exertion, and gait efficiency in healthy young adults unfamiliar with the test. Method: WD, heart rate, subjective sensation of dyspnea (SSD), and fatigue (SSF) were measured in four 6MWT protocols: i) 30 m linear track and protocolized encouragement (LT + PE), ii) 30 m linear track and constant encouragement (LT + CE), iii) 81 m elliptical track and protocolized encouragement (ET + PE), and iv) 81 m elliptical track and constant encouragement (ET + CE). In addition, the Gait Efficiency Index (GIE) associated with physiological cost, dyspnea and fatigue was calculated and compared between the different protocols. Results: The WD was significantly higher in the ET + CE protocol. The percentage of the heart rate reserve used (%HRRu) at minute 6 was higher in the ET + CE protocol. The SSD and SSD had difference in startup time between the protocols. The GEI was higher in %HRRu, SSD, and SSF for the ET + CE protocol. Conclusion: The ET + CE protocol showed a significant increase in WD during the 6MWT in healthy young adults. Although it obtained the highest physiological cost, it did not present perceptual differences when entering cardiopulmonary assessment windows relevant to a more efficient test for the participant. It is advisable to discuss, based on the findings, the fundamental objective of the 6MWT and national and international recommendations to achieve a result as close as possible to the real maximal effort.

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BACKGROUND: It is internationally known that our population is aging. At the same time, some patients with COVID-19, due to their symptoms, required mechanical ventilation (MV) and subsequent pulmonary rehabilitation (PR). This study aimed to compare the effects of a multimodal PR program "ADULT" versus "OLDER" people with COVID-19 who were on MV. METHODS: The intervention consisted of an 8-week hybrid PR program (2x week). Forced vital capacity (FVC) was measured at the beginning and end of PR, upper and lower limb strength was obtained through hand grip strength (HGS) and the sit-to-stand test (STST), respectively, and functional exercise capacity was measured with the 6-minute walking test (6MWT). RESULTS: The main results were an increase in the FVC in the ADULT and OLDER groups (time effect, P = 0.000; η2 = 0.27), an increase in HGS in the ADULT and OLDER groups (time effect, P = 0.000; η2 = 0.52), in the same way, the number of repetitions on the STST increased in the ADULT and OLDER groups (time effect, P = 0.000; η2 = 0.55). Finally, the distance covered on the 6MWT increased in the ADULT and OLDER groups (time effect, P = 0.000; η2 = 0.65). CONCLUSIONS: The PR program is an effective strategy to improve FVC, muscle strength, and functional exercise capacity similarly in adults and older people with post severe COVID-19 who required MV.

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The development of a standard anatomical language in Spanish dates back to the early stages of medicine, and its significance lies in the necessity for a common vocabulary to describe the structures of the human body. Anatomists and morphologists have been striving to achieve this goal since the late nineteenth century when the first Anatomical Nomenclature was created in Basel in 1895. Over the years, various versions of the International Anatomical Terminology have been published in Spanish, following the guidelines of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA). These versions have been produced in partnership with the Spanish Anatomical Society and have aimed to adjust the terms to the Spanish language and linguistic rules. The Ibero-Latin American Symposia on Anatomical, Histological, and Embryological Terminology (SILAT) have embraced the naming of morphological structures, keeping in mind the Latin and Greek roots, while respecting the translations accepted by the linguistic rules of the official languages. These symposia stick to the principles of universality, precision in structure description, and consistency in terminology. Despite more than a century of progress in anatomical terminology, there is a need for frequent revisions and adjustments to anatomical terms, particularly when translating them into various languages and because of the high number of international publications related to anatomy. A shared anatomical language is essential for the study and application of anatomy across various medical practices and in undergraduate education. Finally, the establishment of anatomical terminology in Spanish represents a long history of efforts to create a universal and precise language in this field. Despite advancements, the revision and adaptation of anatomical terms remain a continuous challenge to keep up with scientific progress and ensure effective communication in the field of anatomy.

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Peri-implantitis is an inflammatory condition characterized by inflammation in the peri-implant connective tissue and a progressive loss of supporting bone; it is commonly associated with the presence of biofilms on the surface of the implant, which is an important factor in the development and progression of the disease. The objective of this study was to evaluate, using micro-CT, the bone regeneration of surgically created peri-implant defects exposed to a microcosm of peri-implantitis. Twenty-three adult New Zealand white rabbits were included in the study. Bone defects of 7 mm diameter were created in both tibiae, and a cap-shaped titanium device was placed in the center, counter-implanted with a peri-implantitis microcosm. The bone defects received a bone substitute and/or a resorbable synthetic PLGA membrane, according to random distribution. Euthanasia was performed 15 and 30 days postoperatively. Micro-CT was performed on all samples to quantify bone regeneration parameters. Bone regeneration of critical defects occurred in all experimental groups, with a significantly greater increase in cases that received bone graft treatment (p < 0.0001), in all measured parameters, at 15 and 30 days. No significant differences were observed in the different bone neoformation parameters between the groups that did not receive bone grafts (p > 0.05). In this experimental model, the presence of peri-implantitis microcosms was not a determining factor in the bone volume parameter, both in the groups that received regenerative treatment and in those that did not.

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BACKGROUND: Severe coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19) causes acute hypoxemic respiratory failure requiring invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). Once these symptoms are resolved, patients can present systemic deterioration. OBJECTIVE: The two objectives of this study were as follows: to describe the results of a pulmonary rehabilitation program (PRP), which is divided into three groups with different numbers of sessions (12, 24, and 36), and to associate the variables of pulmonary function, exercise performance, and functionality with the number of sessions and functional improvement. DESIGN: Prospective, observational study. METHODS: PRP consisted of aerobic + strength + flexibility exercises under the supervision and individualized into 12, 24, or 36 sessions (12s, 24s, and 36s), depending on the evolution of each patient. At the beginning of the study and immediately after the intervention, forced vital capacity (FVC), maximal inspiratory pressure, 6-minute walk test (6MWT), sit-to-stand test (STS), maximal handgrip strength (HGS), Fatigue Assessment Scale, Post-COVID-19 Functional Status (PCFS), and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) were measured. RESULTS: The proposed PRP demonstrated a positive effect on pulmonary function, exercise performance, and HRQoL, regardless of the number of sessions. A higher score on the PCFS and more days on IMV were associated with the increased likelihood of needing more sessions, whereas more meters on the 6MWT in the initial evaluation was associated with a reduced likelihood of needing more sessions. Finally, more repetitions on the STS and less distance covered on the initial 6MWT were associated with a greater improvement in exercise performance evaluated with the 6MWT. CONCLUSION: Supervised and individualized PRP for patients with severe post-COVID-19 improves pulmonary function, exercise performance, functionality, and quality of life. Functionality, distance covered on the 6MWT, and the days on IMV are central to the scheduling of the number of sessions for these patients.

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To assess ventilatory evolution through the Ventilatory Workload Kinetic Index (VWKI) in patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) during stability and exacerbation. Retrospective analysis. Conducted at the Padre Alberto Hurtado Hospital, Santiago, Chile. Ten patients with asthma and fifty-five with COPD participated. Sixty-five clinical records were reviewed. The VWKI in stability and exacerbation of these patients was extracted. When analyzing the baseline with the peak in both asthma and COPD, there was a significant increase in the VWKI. Similarly, the loads, translations, and supports significantly increased from the baseline to the peak. However, in the loads, there were no changes in airway resistance for asthma or in cough for COPD. Likewise, the supports for asthma and COPD showed no changes in the O2. The VWKI determined ventilatory issues in outpatients and made locating the greatest compromise in loads, translations, or supports possible.

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Gamification has appeared as an alternative educational methodology to traditional tools. Specifically, in anatomy teaching, multiple technological applications have emerged in response to the difficulties of accessing cadaveric material; however, there is insufficient information about the effects of these applications on the performance achieved by students, or about to the best way to adapt learning to meet their educational needs. In this study, we investigated how teaching human anatomy through a mobile gamified technological tool containing recommendation systems can be combined with a virtual assistant to improve the learning and academic performance of medical students in the Anatomy Department at the Universidad de La Frontera in Temuco, Chile and the Anatomy Department at the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. In total, 131 students participated in the experiment, which was divided into two case studies. The main findings led to the conclusion that gamified components support students in learning anatomy. In addition, the predictions and recommendations provided by the virtual assistant enabled the academic aspects that the students needed to improve to be extracted adequately. Future work is expected to support adaptive learning by incorporating new artificial intelligence in education elements that can generate personalized scenarios for studying anatomy based on the application.

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The aim was to compare the effect between a single intra-articular infiltration (1i) and two infiltrations (2i) of medium molecular weight hyaluronic acid (MMW-HA) of high viscosity (HV) and low viscosity (LV) on the histopathological characteristics of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) osteoarthritis (OA) induced in rabbits. An experimental study was conducted on Oryctolagus cuniculus rabbits, including 42 TMJs, distributed between (1) TMJ-C, control group; (2) TMJ-OA, group with OA; (3) TMJ-OA-wt, group with untreated OA; (4) group treated with HA-HV-1i; (5) group treated with HA-HV-2i; (6) group treated with HA-LV-1i; and (7) group treated with HA-LV-2i. The results were evaluated using the Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) scale and descriptive histology considering the mandibular condyle (MC), the articular disc (AD), and the mandibular fossa (MF). The Kruskal-Wallis test was used for the statistical analysis, considering p < 0.05 significant. All treated groups significantly decreased the severity of OA compared to the TMJ-OA-wt group. The HA-HV-2i group showed significant differences in the degree of OA from the TMJ-OA group. The degree of OA in the HA-HV-2i group was significantly lower than in the HA-LV-1i, HA-LV-2i, and HA-HV-1i groups. The protocol that showed better results in repairing the joint was HA-HV-2i. There are histological differences depending on the protocol of the preparation used: two infiltrations seem to be better than one, and when applying two doses, high viscosity shows better results.

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Based on the qualities of Ulmo honey (Eucryphia cordifolia), a medical-grade honey (Ulmoplus®) has been developed. Relevant to this, the use of copper represents an emerging therapy for the treatment of wounds. Therefore, the aim of this study was to see how this medical-grade honey with copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) helped to heal infected or non-infected wounds. Twenty-four guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) were divided into four groups for phase 1 (without and with infection, U + F1 and U + F2), and two groups for phase 2 (selected formulation, without and with infection, U + F2NI and U + F2I). Bacteriological and histopathological studies, collagen fibers content evaluation, and stereological analysis were performed. The selected formulation displayed the same antibacterial potency as Ulmoplus®, indicating that this medical-grade honey by itself can be used as an antibacterial agent. However, the evaluation of collagen content demonstrated a significant increase in fibroblast and type III collagen fibers for infected and uninfected groups, which correlated with the histopathological study. Therefore, it is correct to affirm that adding CuNPs to Ulmoplus® improved the maturation of collagen fibers. Finally, polymorphonuclear cells presented similar values between experimental groups, which would indicate that the formulation under study was able to regulate the inflammatory process despite their infectious condition.