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Rotavirus (RV) infection causes acute rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE) in infants. Safe and effective RV vaccines are available, of which Mexico has included one in its national immunization program (NIP) since 2007. Health outcome gains, expressed in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), and cost improvements are important additional factors for the selection of a NIP vaccine. These two factors were analyzed here for Mexico over one year implementing three RV vaccines: 2-dose Rotarix (HRV), versus 3-dose RotaTeq (HBRV), and 3-dose Rotasiil (BRV-PV), presented in a 1-dose or 2-dose vial). HRV would annually result in discounted QALY gains of 263 extra years compared with the other vaccines by averting an extra 24,022 homecare cases, 10,779 medical visits, 392 hospitalizations, and 12 deaths. From a payer's perspective and compared with HRV, BRV-PV 2-dose vial and BRV-PV 1-dose vial would annually result in $13,548,179 and $4,633,957 net savings, respectively, while HBRV would result in $3,403,309 extra costs. The societal perspective may also show savings compared with HRV for BRV-PV 2-dose vial of $4,875,860, while BRV-PV 1-dose vial and HBRV may show extra costs of $4,038,363 and $12,075,629 respectively. HRV and HBRV were both approved in Mexico, with HRV requiring less investment than HBRV with higher QALY gains and cost savings. The HRV vaccine produced those higher health gains due to its earlier protection and greater coverage achieved after its schedule completion with two doses only, providing full protection at four months of age instead of longer periods for the other vaccines.

Rotavirus (RV) infection causes acute diarrhea in infants and can be life-threatening. Several safe and effective vaccines against RV and its complications exist. For many governments choosing vaccines for national immunization programs, total costs or savings and health gains are important factors in the selection process. We compared the costs and health benefits of three RV vaccines for Mexico: HRV, HBRV, and BRV-PV, that have different dosing schedules: two doses for HRV and three doses for HBRV and BRV-PV. HRV is currently part of the national immunization program in Mexico. HRV would result in more health benefits as it incurs fewer RV-related cases, medical visits, hospitalizations, and infant deaths than the other vaccines due to its early protection achieved after only two doses to complete its schedule. However, from a payer's perspective, the least expensive vaccine was BRV-PV, while HRV was less expensive than HBRV. From a societal perspective, also accounting for families' costs and loss in income due to an infant's RV disease, and the families' costs and loss in income when accompanying the infant to the vaccination center, the HRV vaccine was less expensive than HBRV and BRV-PV presented in a 1-dose vial, while more expensive than BRV-PV presented in a 2-dose vial. HRV and HBRV are both approved in Mexico, although HBRV requires a greater investment at lower health benefits than HRV, from both a payer's and a societal perspective. A 2-dose vaccination scheme is an important asset for the economic value of this vaccination program.

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Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) is an uncommon but serious and potentially fatal condition mainly affecting children and adolescents. Active surveillance between 2005 and 2016 at Tijuana General Hospital, Mexico, indicated that the incidence of IMD in Tijuana was higher than previously thought, at 2.69 per 100,000 population aged <16 years. The objective of this study was to estimate the economic burden associated with 51 IMD cases in children aged <16 years identified over the 11 years of active surveillance at Tijuana General Hospital, Mexico. Healthcare resource usage for the IMD cases was obtained from the hospital database and combined with unit costs from the hospital purchasing department or national databases to estimate total healthcare costs over a follow-up period of 3 months. Societal costs were represented by the value of lost wages for parents or guardians. All costs were expressed in US$. Over the 11-year study period there were 51 IMD cases, of which 13 (25%) were fatal. The total cost for all 51 cases over the 11-year study period was US$1,054,499 (average per case US$20,676), of which direct healthcare costs comprised US$1,029,948 (average per case US$20,195) and societal costs US$24,551 (average per case US$481). Extrapolated to the population of Tijuana region aged <16 years, the estimated annual economic burden of IMD was US$268,794. The major cost driver was the cost of hospitalization. These data illustrate the significant economic burden associated with IMD in Tijuana, and will be useful in assessing optimal vaccination programs against meningococcal disease in Mexico.

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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the potential public health impact of adult herpes zoster (HZ) vaccination with the adjuvanted recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV) in the United States in the first 15 years after launch. METHODS: We used a publicly available model accounting for national population characteristics and HZ epidemiological data, vaccine characteristics from clinical studies, and anticipated vaccine coverage with RZV after launch in 2018. Two scenarios were modeled: a scenario with RZV implemented with 65% coverage after 15 years and a scenario continuing with zoster vaccine live (ZVL) with coverage increasing 10% over the same period. We estimated the numbers vaccinated, and the clinical outcomes and health care use avoided yearly, from January 1, 2018, to December 31, 2032. We varied RZV coverage and investigated the associated impact on HZ cases, complications, and health care resource use. RESULTS: With RZV adoption, the numbers of individuals affected by HZ was predicted to progressively decline with an additional 4.6 million cumulative cases avoided if 65% vaccination with RZV was reached within 15 years. In the year 2032, it was predicted that an additional 1.3 million physicians' visits and 14.4 thousand hospitalizations could be avoided, compared with continuing with ZVL alone. These numbers could be reached 2 to 5 years earlier with 15% higher RZV vaccination rates. CONCLUSION: Substantial personal and health care burden can be alleviated when vaccination with RZV is adopted. The predicted numbers of HZ cases, complications, physicians' visits, and hospitalizations avoided, compared with continued ZVL vaccination, depends upon the RZV vaccination coverage achieved.

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BACKGROUND: In 2017, the FDA approved the adjuvanted recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV) for the prevention of herpes zoster (HZ) in immunocompetent adults aged 50 years and older. RZV joined zoster vaccine live (ZVL) as U.S.-marketed vaccines against HZ. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices preferentially recommended use of RZV over ZVL. In order to inform population-based decision makers (PBDMs) about the incremental clinical and economic impact of RZV adoption, budget impact (BI) models may be used. Populating such models with national data can inform PBDMs about the incremental value of RZV adoption nationally; however, heterogeneity across health plans requires the inclusion of plan-specific data to ensure the relevance of modeling outcomes for plan-specific decision makers. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical and economic outcomes associated with the adoption of RZV in nationally representative populations with commercial and Medicare coverage and to demonstrate the effect of the heterogeneity of health plans using real-world data from a large, integrated delivery network (IDN). METHODS: We used a publicly available BI model. The model accounts for national and IDN-collected population characteristics (size, age distribution) and epidemiological data (incidence of HZ and complications, HZ recurrence rate), vaccine characteristics from randomized controlled trials and observational studies (efficacy, waning, second dose compliance for RZV, adverse event rate), national costs (vaccine, direct medical for HZ, complications, and vaccine adverse events), and current and anticipated vaccine coverage. We assessed incremental clinical (HZ cases and complications) and economic (per-member-per-month [PMPM] costs) impact at 5-year to 15-year time horizons, comparing scenarios where RZV is solely implemented with one where only ZVL is utilized. RESULTS: Following the adoption of RZV, the incremental HZ cases avoided over 5 and 15 years were estimated to be 1,800 and 15,000 for a commercial plan, 3,800 and 21,000 for a Medicare plan, and 8,600 and 71,000 for a specific IDN. The incremental PMPM budget impact over the same time horizons was estimated to be $0.42 and $0.31, respectively, for a commercial plan, $0.35 and $0.10 for a Medicare plan, and $0.39 and $0.25 for a specific IDN. The differences in results across plans resulted from the population age distribution, the vaccine copay (applied in the Medicare scenario only), the vaccine coverage in the plan, and other plan-specific factors affecting disease epidemiology and costs per case of HZ. CONCLUSIONS: Model projections indicated that RZV adoption avoided HZ cases and related complications, with the PMPM budget impact dependent on plan-specific factors. As health gains increased over time, the incremental costs incurred were found to decrease as the shorter-term costs of adopting the new vaccine were increasingly offset by the longer-term benefits of vaccination. DISCLOSURES: GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals SA funded this study (GSK study identifier: HO-17-18378) and was involved in all stages of study conduct, including analysis of the data. GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals SA also paid all costs associated with the development and publication of this manuscript. Patterson, Van Oorschot, and Curran are employees of the GSK group of companies and hold shares in the GSK group of companies. Herring, Carrico, and Zhang are employees of RTI Health Solutions, which received funding via a contractual agreement with the GSK group of companies to perform the work contributing to this research. Ackerson, Bruxvoort, Sy, and Tseng are employees of Kaiser Permanente Southern California, which was contracted by the GSK group of companies for the conduct of this study and were members of the KPSC study team. Ackerson, Bruxvoort, Sy, and Tseng report research contracts with the following pharmaceutical companies unrelated to this study: Dynavax (Ackerson, Bruxvoort, and Sy); the GSK group of companies (Ackerson, Bruxvoort, Sy, and Tseng); Novavax (Ackerson, Sy, and Tseng); and Seqirus (Ackerson, Bruxvoort, Sy, and Tseng). Tseng reports having served as a paid consultant for the GSK group of companies. The authors declare no other financial and nonfinancial relationships and activities. Findings from this study were presented at AMCP Nexus 2019; October 29-November 1, 2019; National Harbor, MD.

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