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Malpighia emarginata (Malpighiaceae), popularly known as "acerola", is a tropical and subtropical fruit native to the Americas. Despite its high vitamin C content, which gives it a high antioxidant property, soluble dietary fibers, such as polysaccharides, are also abundant constituents of acerola (10% of the dried fruit). The acerola cold-water soluble (ACWS) fraction presented anti-fatigue and antioxidant effects in vivo and in vitro. To infer further systemic effects of ACWS, this study aimed to investigate the antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects of ACWS in murine models of pain. In formalin-induced nociception, ACWS (0.1, 1, and 10 mg/kg) reduced only the inflammatory phase, and also (10 and 30 mg/kg) attenuated the acetic acid-induced writhing and leukocyte migration in the peritoneal cavity. The mechanical allodynia and paw edema induced by intraplantar injection of carrageenan were greatly reduced by ACWS (10 mg/kg). At the inflammatory pick induced by carrageenan (4 h), ACWS significantly reduced myeloperoxidase activity, TNF-α, IL-1ß, and PGE2 levels, and restored IL-10 levels. ACWS also exhibited antioxidant properties by decreasing lipid hydroperoxides content, increasing GSH levels, and restoring superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in the carrageenan model and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assay. Collectively, these results support the antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects of ACWS and reveal a promising candidate for the treatment of inflammatory pain conditions.

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The present study evaluated the effect of cryoconcentration of pulp blocks of acerola (Malpighia emarginata DC). The study evaluated cryoconcentration in three stages. The cryoconcentrated samples, the ice fractions, and the initial pulp were evaluated for physicochemical composition, bioactive composition, and multielement profile. The cryoconcentrated sample obtained in the third stage of cryoconcentration showed the best results for the concentration factor, process efficiency, total soluble solids content, red color intensity, and increasing of the macro and micronutrients: Cu, Ca, S, Sr, K, Mn, Na, P, Mg, Fe. All stages presented good performance in the total soluble solids content, increase in the titratable acidity of the concentrates, and progressive increase in the intensity of the red color. Generally, higher levels of total phenolic and antioxidant activity were found for the 2nd and 3rd concentrates. The phenolic activity showed an increase of 166.90% in the 3rd stage concentrate compared to fresh pulp, and the antioxidant activity was 112.10% by the ABTS method and 131.60% by the DPPH method, both in the 3rd stage concentrate. The major individual polyphenols were Ferulic acid, Protocatechuic acid, and Taxifolin, with significant increases in the concentration of the compounds in the 2nd and 3rd stage concentrates. In addition, the contents of potentially toxic metals were below detection limits. During the cryoconcentration process, there was a decrease in the values ​​of vitamin C content, moisture content, density, and elements Cu, Sr, and Zn.

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Films based on poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and cationic starch (CS) were combined with different percentages of sorbitol (S; 15.0, 22.5, and 30.0% w v-1) to assess the effect of plasticizer on the films. Spectroscopic analyses confirmed the interaction between them. However, micrographs indicated the formation of sorbitol crystals on the surface of the films, especially at higher sorbitol concentrations. The blends presented low water vapor transmission rate values, reaching (7.703 ± 0.000) g h-1 m-2 (PVA75CS25S15), and low solubility values for the films containing higher CS amounts. The lack of statistical differences in most parameters suggests that no significant gain comes from increasing the amount of sorbitol at percentages higher than 15%. As a coating, the blend PVA75CS25S15 successfully decreased the loss of moisture content in acerolas by 1.15 times (compared to the control), confirming the suitability of this matrix as a fruit coating.

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By-products from fruit industrialization retain nutritional and functional components; thus, they may find use in animal feeding. This study aimed to assess the effects of dietary fruit industrial by-products on the tilapias blood biochemical and oxidative parameters and on the composition and lipid peroxidation of their fillets. Four diets were supplied to the tilapias: a C-control diet, with no fruit meal, and three diets containing 5% of either acerola (ACM), apple (APM) or grape (GRM) meal. The phenolic compounds and the carotenoids in the meals and their antioxidant capacities were measured. Fish were weighed and measured for the calculation of the growth performance data, their blood was analyzed for health and oxidative status biomarkers and their fillets were analyzed for proximal composition and lipid peroxidation. Grape meal had the highest concentration of phenolics and carotenoids and the highest antioxidant activity, followed by acerola and apple meals. The productive performance was similar among the treatments. The fruit by-product diets either maintained or improved the biochemical biomarkers of health and improved the oxidative status of the fish. The fruit by-product diets increased the concentration of lipids in the fillets and slowed down the onset of the lipid peroxidation during frozen storage.

RESUMO

Acerola is a tropical fruit rich in vitamins, carotenoids, anthocyanins, and bioactive compounds such as ascorbic acid. The production of this fruit has increased over the last few years due to its physiochemical, organoleptic, and nutritional qualities, and has gained importance in the food, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries. The change in the current world scenario, with focus on sustainable development and sustainable use of resources, has powered the search for new techniques that reduce the impact caused on the environment and promote efficient use of resources. In addition, several studies have proven that the by-products of fruit and vegetable processing contain highly nutritious components. Therefore, the objective of this review is to provide information regarding recent studies related to the use and application of the by-products obtained from acerola processing.

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Abstract Sewage sludge (SS) has nutritional contents and has been implemented in the cultivation of seedlings. This study aimed to evaluate the quality of Malpighia emarginata DC. seedlings produced in different substrates with SS. Treatments were implemented with the addition of SS, and after 180 days seedling the characteristics were measured: aerial part and root system length, stem base diameter, number of leaves, fresh and dry mass of aerial part and root, and total biomass. The Dickson Quality Index (DQI) was calculated and the macro and micronutrient content of the aerial part and root. The accumulation of macronutrients in the root system followed the order of N>K>P>Ca>Mg>S, and aerial part of N>Ca>K>P>Mg>S, in the two vegetative structures N and S were in lower concentration. For micronutrients, the accumulation in the root system occurred with Fe>Zn>Mn>Cu>B, and aerial part with Fe>Mn>Zn>B>Cu. It was noted that in the two vegetative structures the Fe content was more concentrated. The use of SS in the substrate formulation proved effective in obtaining viable seedlings for field planting, being recommended the treatment with 60% SS + 40% organic compost.

Resumo O lodo de esgoto (LE) possui teor nutricional e tem sido aplicado no cultivo de mudas. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade de mudas de Malpighia emarginata DC. produzidas em diferentes substratos com LE. Os tratamentos foram implantados com adição de LE, e após 180 dias de semeadura as seguintes características das mudas foram avaliadas: comprimento da parte aérea e do sistema radicular, diâmetro da base do caule, número de folhas, massa fresca e seca da parte aérea e da raiz, biomassa total. O Índice de Qualidade de Dickson (IQD) foi calculado junto aos teores de macro e micronutrientes da parte aérea e da raiz. O acúmulo de macronutrientes no sistema radicular seguiu a ordem de N>K>P>Ca>Mg>S, e parte aérea N>Ca>K>P>Mg>S, nas duas estruturas vegetativas N e S estiveram em menor concentração. Para os micronutrientes, o acúmulo no sistema radicular ocorreu Fe>Zn>Mn>Cu>B, e na parte aérea Fe>Mn>Zn>B>Cu. Observou-se que nas duas estruturas vegetativas o teor de Fe foi mais concentrado. A utilização de LE na formulação do substrato mostrou-se eficaz na obtenção de mudas viáveis para o plantio em campo, sendo recomendado o tratamento com 60% de LE + 40% de composto orgânico.

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O trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de desenvolver geleias de jenipapo e acerola, produzidas com 0,5 e 1,0% de pectina metoxilada, para recheio de queijo tipo coalho trufado. Foram avaliadas as características físico químicas, como pH, acidez total titulável, sólidos solúveis totais, umidade, cinzas e, ácido ascórbico. Após confecção dos queijos estes foram submetidos à análise sensorial através da aparência, cor, sabor e textura, bem como intenção de compra. A metodologia abordada para demonstração dos dados foi a estatística descritiva. O uso de geleias para recheio de queijo tipo coalho trufado tem potencial para exploração comercial, visto a manutenção das características organolépticas e de aceitabilidade pelo consumidor, sendo que o uso do queijo trufado com geleia de acerola demonstrou maior potencial de vida de prateleira.(AU)

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Brazil stands out as one of the largest world powers in the agribusiness sector, and with the increase of production capacity, an enormous amount of waste is generated that cause serious environmental problems. Acerola is evidenced as one of the fruits of growing and important commercialization, contributing significantly to regional development through the export of concentrated powder product. Thus, in order to minimize the environmental impacts generated by the local fruit processing industry, the proximate analysis of its residue after drying in a convective oven at temperatures of 50, 75 and 100 °C was carried out in this work, aiming at the reuse of this residue for thermochemical processes. Moisture, ash, volatile matter (VM), and fixed carbon (FC) content were analyzed, as well as characterizations, such as infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), elemental analysis (CHNO), calorific value (HHV) and thermogravimetry (TG/DTG). The results showed a significant difference in the moisture contents, VM, FC and elemental carbon for the dry residue at 50 °C compared to the temperatures of 75 and 100 °C, while for the ash content there was no significant difference between the temperatures. The dry acerola residue at the three temperatures studied presented adequate properties for thermochemical application, with lignocellulosic compounds that can be converted by thermochemical route, good levels of calorific power, low moisture and ash content, associated with high amount of volatile matter.

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O domínio do método de propagação é fundamental, tanto para o profissional que trabalha com o melhoramento genético, como para o produtor e a indústria, por assegurar a formação de plantios uniformes de aceroleira e de qualidade. Com isso objetivou-se avaliar a propagação clones de aceroleira por estaquia utilizando substratos de areia e substrato comercial Carolina® no município de Adamantina, SP. O experimento foi instalado no viveiro experimental da APTA Regional Alta Paulista em Adamantina-SP. Os tratamentos foram cinco clones de aceroleira: 1-Olivier, 2-Frutacor (BRS 238), 3-Cereja (BRS 236), 4-Mirandópolis e 5-Okinawa, sendo acondicionados em dois tipos de substratos: areia lavada e substrato comercial Carolina®. O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado e esquema fatorial com 5 clones e 2 substratos, totalizando 10 tratamentos e 4 repetições. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância pelo teste de F, e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Não se recomenda a propagação por estaquia para o clone Okinawa. Além da areia, o substrato Carolina® pode ser utilizado para propagação de aceroleira através do método da estaquia.

The mastery of the propagation method is fundamental for both professionals working with genetic improvement, as well as for the producer and industry, to ensure the formation of uniform and quality plantations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the propagation of acerola tree clones by cutting using sand substrates and Carolina® commercial substrate in the municipality of Adamantina, SP. The experiment was installed in Regional Research Alta Paulista Pole-Regional APTA experimental nursery in Adamantina-SP. The treatments were five clones of acerola tree: 1-Olivier, 2-Frutacor (BRS 238), 3-Cherry (BRS 236), 4-Mirandópolis and 5-Okinawa, being packaged in two types of substrates: washed sand and commercial substrate Carolina®. The design was completely randomized and a factorial scheme with 5 clones and 2 substrates, totaling 10 treatments and 4 replicates. The data were submitted to analysis of variance by the F test, and the means were compared by the Tukey test at 5% probability. The propagation by cutting is not recommended for Okinawa clone. In addition to the sand, the Carolina® substrate can be used for propagation of acerola by cutting method.

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O domínio do método de propagação é fundamental, tanto para o profissional que trabalha com o melhoramento genético, como para o produtor e a indústria, por assegurar a formação de plantios uniformes de aceroleira e de qualidade. Com isso objetivou-se avaliar a propagação clones de aceroleira por estaquia utilizando substratos de areia e substrato comercial Carolina® no município de Adamantina, SP. O experimento foi instalado no viveiro experimental da APTA Regional Alta Paulista em Adamantina-SP. Os tratamentos foram cinco clones de aceroleira: 1-Olivier, 2-Frutacor (BRS 238), 3-Cereja (BRS 236), 4-Mirandópolis e 5-Okinawa, sendo acondicionados em dois tipos de substratos: areia lavada e substrato comercial Carolina®. O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado e esquema fatorial com 5 clones e 2 substratos, totalizando 10 tratamentos e 4 repetições. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância pelo teste de F, e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Não se recomenda a propagação por estaquia para o clone Okinawa. Além da areia, o substrato Carolina® pode ser utilizado para propagação de aceroleira através do método da estaquia.(AU)

The mastery of the propagation method is fundamental for both professionals working with genetic improvement, as well as for the producer and industry, to ensure the formation of uniform and quality plantations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the propagation of acerola tree clones by cutting using sand substrates and Carolina® commercial substrate in the municipality of Adamantina, SP. The experiment was installed in Regional Research Alta Paulista Pole-Regional APTA experimental nursery in Adamantina-SP. The treatments were five clones of acerola tree: 1-Olivier, 2-Frutacor (BRS 238), 3-Cherry (BRS 236), 4-Mirandópolis and 5-Okinawa, being packaged in two types of substrates: washed sand and commercial substrate Carolina®. The design was completely randomized and a factorial scheme with 5 clones and 2 substrates, totaling 10 treatments and 4 replicates. The data were submitted to analysis of variance by the F test, and the means were compared by the Tukey test at 5% probability. The propagation by cutting is not recommended for Okinawa clone. In addition to the sand, the Carolina® substrate can be used for propagation of acerola by cutting method.(AU)

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