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OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study is to show for the first time how aflibercept affects endometriosis lesions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Surgically induced endometriosis in Wistar albino female rats. Rats with endometriosis were randomly divided into three groups: control (Co), aflibercept (Af), and leuprolide acetate (Le). Then, Af, aflibercept, and Le received leuprolide acetate. The control group was not treated. The weights and changes in intra-abdominal adhesions of the rats before and after treatment were recorded according to the Blauer adhesion score. Blood extracted for sacrifice was analyzed. Endometriotic lesions were evaluated for size, volume, histology, and immunohistochemistry (vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF] and CD31). Significance level was accepted as p < 0.05. RESULTS: Aflibercept significantly reduced endometrial implant volume (p = 0.002). The explant epithelial histological score showed a significant difference between aflibercept and leuprolide acetate (p = 0.006) and between aflibercept and control groups (p = 0.002). Aflibercept decreased VEGF-H and CD31 expression (p = 0.001) more than leuprolide acetate. Aflibercept improved adhesions (p = 0.006). CONCLUSION: Aflibercept is more successful than leuprolide acetate in the treatment of endometriosis.

OBJETIVO: Mostrar por primera vez cómo afecta aflibercept a las lesiones de endometriosis. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Endometriosis inducida quirúrgicamente en ratas hembras albinas Wistar. Las ratas con endometriosis se dividieron aleatoriamente en tres grupos: control (Co), aflibercept (Af) y acetato de leuprolida (Le). Luego, Af, aflibercept y Le recibieron acetato de leuprolida. El grupo de control no fue tratado. Los pesos y cambios en las adherencias intraabdominales de las ratas antes y después del tratamiento se registraron de acuerdo con la puntuación de adherencia de Blauer. La sangre extraída para el sacrificio fue analizada. Las lesiones endometriósicas se evaluaron en tamaño, volumen, histología e inmunohistoquímica (factor de crecimiento endotelial vascular [VEGF] y CD31). El nivel de significación se aceptó como p < 0.05. RESULTADOS: Aflibercept redujo significativamente el volumen del implante endometrial (p = 0.002). La puntuación histológica epitelial (EHS) del explante mostró una diferencia significativa entre aflibercept y acetato de leuprolida (p = 0.006) y entre los grupos de aflibercept y control (p = 0.002). Aflibercept disminuyó la expresión de VEGF-H y CD31 (p = 0.001) más que el acetato de leuprolida. Aflibercept mejoró las adherencias (p = 0.006). CONCLUSIÓN: Aflibercept tiene más éxito que el acetato de leuprolide en el tratamiento de la endometriosis.

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Objective: Mouthguards can reduce or even prevent orofacial injuries. These devices are responsible for absorbing part of the energy of an impact force, while the remaining part is dissipated. The present study aimed to evaluate how the plasticization temperature of the sports mouthguards' manufacturing process influences their mechanical properties and protective potential. Material and Methods: Specimens were made according to different plasticization temperatures (85°C, 103°C, 121°C and 128°C) and different dental brands of EVA sheets (Bio-art and FGM). Plasticization temperatures were measured using a culinary thermometer (Term; TP300). The mechanical properties evaluated were: energy absorption capacity, deformation, and modulus of elasticity. Compression testing was carried out in the Emic universal testing machine with a speed of 600 mm/min to simulate a punch. Results: EVA sheets submitted to the highest temperatures (121°C and 128°C) had their energy absorption capacity reduced. In addition, the samples that plasticized at the lowest temperature (85°C) showed higher absorption capacity, lower elastic modulus, and less variation in its dimensions. It proved to be the most effective in protection and with greater durability. Conclusion: The plasticization temperature proved to be an influential factor in the absorption capacity of mouthguards, so the increase in temperature led to a reduction in this property, especially when higher than 120°C. In addition, the plasticization temperature may vary depending on the sheet brand used. Finally, the kitchen thermometer used proved to be efficient and practical, thanks to its easy-to-read display and wide availability on the market. (AU)

Objetivo: Os protetores bucais são capazes de reduzir ou mesmo prevenir lesões orofaciais. Esses dispositivos são responsáveis por absorver parte da energia de uma força de impacto, enquanto a parte restante é dissipada. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar como a temperatura de plastificação de protetores bucais esportivos influencia em suas propriedades mecânicas e no seu potencial protetivo. Material e Métodos: Foram confeccionados modelos de trabalho segundo diferentes temperaturas de plastificação (85°C, 103°C, 121°C e 128°C) e distintas marcas odontológicas de placas de EVA (Bio-art e FGM). As temperaturas de plastificação foram medidas com termômetro culinário da marca Term/TP300. As propriedades mecânicas avaliadas foram capacidade de absorção de energia, deformação e módulo de elasticidade. O teste de compressão foi realizado na máquina de ensaios universal Emic com velocidade de 600 mm/min, a fim de simular um soco. Resultados: As placas de EVA submetidas às mais altas temperaturas (121°C e 128°C) tiveram sua capacidade de absorção de energia reduzida. Além disso, as amostras que plastificaram na temperatura mais baixa (85°C) apresentaram maior capacidade de absorção, menor módulo de elasticidade e menor variação em suas dimensões. Assim, mostraram-se a mais eficaz na proteção e com maior durabilidade. Conclusão: A temperatura de plastificação demonstrou ser um fator influente na capacidade de absorção dos protetores bucais, de modo que o aumento da temperatura levou a uma redução desta propriedade, principalmente quando superior a 120°C. Além disso, a temperatura de plastificação pode variar dependendo da marca comercial utilizada. Por fim, o termômetro culinário utilizado mostrou-se eficiente e prático, pela facilidade de leitura e por ser facilmente encontrado no mercado (AU)

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Resumen La marihuana es la droga de abuso de mayor consumo en Chile y el mundo. La forma de consumo más utilizada es fumada como cigarrillos, sin embargo, en el último tiempo se ha masificado el uso de vaporizadores. Estos dispositivos utilizan calor para evaporar la resina que se encuentra al interior de los cartuchos, la cual está compuesta principalmente por delta-9-tetrahidrocannabinol en altas concentraciones y otros aditivos como propilenglicol y acetato de vitamina E. En Estados Unidos se ha descrito toxicidad letal asociado al uso de estos dispositivos. En Chile no se conocen intoxicaciones asociadas a estos productos, sin embargo, su uso ha aumentado en los últimos años por lo que es importante conocer cuál es su composición química. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la concentración de los principales compuestos presentes en los cartuchos para vaporizar que son incautados en nuestro país y para esto se im-plementó una metodología analítica para cuantificar los cannabinoides delta-9-tetrahidrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), canna-binol (CBN), y acetato de vitamina E mediante la técnica cromatografía gaseosa con detector de espectrometría de masas (GC/MSD). Se analizaron 51 muestras de cartuchos con una concentración promedio de THC de 60,2% (p/p). Las concentraciones de CBD y CBN no superaron el 2% (p/p) y en el caso de acetato de vitamina E fue detectado en 9 muestras con una concentración promedio de 51,4% (p/p).

Abstract Marijuana is the most widely used drug of abuse in Chile and the world. The most common form of consumption is smoking cigarettes, but more recently the use of vaporizers has become widespread. These devices use heat to vaporize the resin in the cartridges, which consists mainly of THC in high concentrations and other additives such as propylene glycol and vitamin E ace-tate. Lethal toxicity associated with the use of these devices has been described in the United States. In Chile, there are no known poisonings associated with these products; however, their use has increased in recent years, so it is important to know their chem-ical composition. The aim of this study was to determine the concentration of the main compounds present in the vaporizer car-tridges seized in our country. To this end, an analytical methodology was implemented to quantify the cannabinoids delta-9-tetra-hydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabinol (CBN), and vitamin E acetate using the GC/MSD technique. Fifty-one cartridge samples were analyzed with an average THC concentration of 60.2% (w/w). The concentrations of CBD and CBN did not exceed 2% (w/w) and in the case of vitamin E acetate it was detected in 9 samples with an average concentration of 51.4% (w/w).

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SUMMARY: Estradiol and progesterone receptors play an essential role in the changes occurring in the uterus during the estrus cycle in dogs (Canis lupus familiaris). In order to investigate the potential effect of progestational agent medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) when is used during anestrus on the expression of estradiol receptors [ER], progesterone receptors [PR] and nuclear protein Ki67, we evaluated uterine tissue immunohistochemically. Uteri were grouped as nulliparous (control, n=11), multiparous (n=11) and treated with MPA (n=11; nulliparous with two treatments; 5mg/kg; i.m.). The amount and location of PR, ER and Ki67 were studied on the epithelial surface, apical and basal regions of the endometrium and myometrium using immunohistochemical techniques with a spectral confocal microscope and analyzed by ANOVA. Differences in ER were observed between the multiparous and MPA-treated groups in the apical region of the endometrium (p=0.0022). Differences in cell proliferation were detected between the nulliparous and multiparous groups (p=0.0037) and nulliparous and MPA-treated groups (p=0.0003) in the basal region of the endometrium. In conclusion, two doses of MPA (5mg/kg; i.m.) do not have a significant effect on the expression of ER and PR; however, they inhibit cell proliferation in the basal region of the endometrium, which includes the stroma, subepithelial cell layer, compact layer, and spongy layer. The clinical and long-term effect of this treatment should be evaluated in subsequent studies.

Los receptores de estradiol y progesterona juegan un rol fundamental en los cambios que se producen en el útero durante el ciclo estral de las perras (Canis lupus familiaris). El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las expresiones de ER-a y PR en el útero y la proliferación de células endometriales detectando la expresión nuclear de la proteína Ki67 en perras expuestas a la progestina sintética MPA y compararlas con perras nulíparas y multíparas expuestas a progesterona luteal. Úteros fueron agrupados como nulíparas (control, n=11), multíparas (n=11) y tratadas con MPA (n=11; nulíparas con dos tratamientos; 5 mg/kg; i.m.). La expresión de PR, ER-a y Ki67 fue evaluada en la regiones apicales y basales del endometrio y miometrio con un microscopio confocal espectral. Se observó diferencias en ER-a entre los grupos multíparas y tratados con MPA en la región apical del endometrio (p=0,0022). Se detectaron diferencias en la proliferación celular entre los grupos de nulíparas y multíparas (p=0,0037) y los grupos de nulíparas y tratados con MPA (p=0,0003) en la región basal del endometrio. En conclusión, dos dosis de MPA (5mg/kg; i.m.) no tienen un efecto significativo sobre la expresión de ER y PR; sin embargo, inhiben la proliferación celular en la región basal del endometrio, el cual incluye a estroma, capa de células subepiteliales, estratos compacto y esponjoso. El efecto clínico a largo plazo de este tratamiento debe ser evaluado en estudios posteriores.

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Fractions from the Hexane Extract (HE) of Eugenia uniflora L. leaves were subjected to various chromatographic systems. Germacrone sesquiterpene and bornyl acetate bicyclic ester were characterized by High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS) with APCI Mass detector comparing with their homonymous spectrum provided by databases and characteristic fragmentation pathways were proposed. The monoterpene pulegone and the pentacyclic triterpene compound, ursolic acid, were found through High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HPLC - HRMS) by atmospheric pressure ionization (API) and the detector used was mass of Electronic Impact (IE). Both ursolic acid and bornyl acetate are present in other species of the same genus, but not in the species studied.

Fracciones provenientes del Extracto Hexánico (EH) de hojas de Eugenia uniflora L. fueron sometidas a diversos sistemas cromatográficos. El sesquiterpeno germacrone y el éster bicíclico acetato de bornilo fueron caracterizados por Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Performance acoplada a Espectrometría de Masas (HPLC-MS) con detector Masa APCI comparando con su espectro homónimo aportado por bases de datos y fueron propuestas vías de fragmentación características. El monoterpeno pulegona y el compuesto triterpénico pentacíclico, ácido ursólico, fueron encontrados a través de Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Performance acoplada a Espectrometría de Masas de Alta Resolución (HPLC -HRMS) por ionización a presión atmosférica (API) y el detector usado fue masa de Impacto Electrónico (IE). Tanto el ácido ursólico como el acetato de bornilo están presentes en otras especies del mismo género, no así en la especie estudiada.

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Acetato de Megestrol (AM). Indicação: Tratamento da Síndrome anorexia-caquexia (SAC) em doentes crônicos em fase de cuidados paliativos. Objetivo: Avaliar a eficácia e segurança do uso do AM em doentes crônicos sob cuidados paliativos. Métodos: Foi realizada uma revisão rápida de revisões sistemáticas, com levantamento bibliográfico nas bases de dados PUBMED, EMBASE, SCOPUS, BVS, Cochrane Library, Web Of Science e em registros de revisões sistemáticas e ensaios clínicos. A qualidade metodológica dos estudos incluídos foi avaliada com a ferramenta AMSTAR-2 (Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews Version 2). Resultados: A busca recuperou um total de 2.370 após exclusão das duplicatas; 1003 estudos foram triados pelo título e resumo, de acordo com os critérios de inclusão previamente estabelecidos. Dezesseis RSs foram selecionadas para leitura completa, sendo que, destas, apenas 1 RS foi classificado com alta qualidade metodológica. Após a análise dos ECR das RSs excluídas, um ECR foi incluído considerando os critérios de inclusão. Dois estudos adicionais publicados posteriormente a RS de Ruiz-Garcia et al. Conclusão: Com base nas evidências disponíveis, o AM proporciona leve ganho de peso e melhora o apetite, porém esses resultados não refletem melhoria na qualidade de vida dos pacientes, além de haver risco considerável de desenvolver fenômenos tromboembólicos

Megestrol acetate (MA). Indication: treatment of anorexia-cachexia syndrome (ACS) in chronic diseases patients, under palliative care. Objective: Evaluate the efficacy and safety of the use of Megestrol Acetate to treat ACS in patients under palliative care. Methods: Rapid review protocol of Systematic Reviews and Clinical Trials. A literature Search was performed in PUBMED, EMBASE, SCOPUS, BVS, Cochrane Library, Web of Science databases and in clinical trials records, following a predefined strategy. The methodological quality of the selected articles was assessed through AMSTAR-2 (Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews Version 2) tool. Results: the search resulted in 2,370 articles, after the duplicates exclusion. 1003 were analyzed by tittle and abstracts according the inclusion criteria. 16 were selected for full text reading, and only one considered to have high methodological quality. After the analyses of the Randomized Clinical Trials of the excluded Systematic Reviews, one RCT was included. Two additional studies published after the SR of Ruiz-Garcia et al were also included. Conclusion: based on available evidence, the MA promoted a small gain in body weight and a slight appetite improvement, although these results did not imply an enhancement in their quality of life. Moreover, there is a considerable risk of causing thromboembolic disorders

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En algunos estudios se ha asociado a la terapia de reemplazo hormonal (TRH) con estrógenos y progestinas a un mayor riesgo de cáncer de mama que la terapia con estrógenos solos. Sin embargo, dependiendo de su naturaleza algunas progestinas serían más seguras que otras. Se buscaron y analizaron artículos atingentes al tema en las bases de datos Google Scholar, PubMed, Science, SciELO y Cochrane, introduciendo los siguientes términos: terapia de reemplazo hormonal y cáncer de mama, progestinas y cáncer de mama, receptor de progesterona. Específicamente se ha asociado a las progestinas sintéticas acetato de medroxiprogesterona, noretisterona y levonorgestrel con un mayor riesgo de cáncer de mama, no así a la progesterona natural, a la progesterona oral micronizada ni a la didrogesterona. La progesterona natural, progesterona micronizada y didrogesterona serían más seguras en TRH para evitar el desarrollo de cáncer de mama, lo que estaría dado por la mayor especificidad en su acción.

In some studies, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) with estrogens and progestins has been associated with a higher risk of breast cancer than therapy with estrogens alone. However, depending on their nature, some progestins may be safer than others. This article analyzes the mode of action of progesterone in breast tissue and also the role of some progestins in the development of this pathology. Articles related to the subject were searched for and analyzed in Google Scholar, PubMed, Science, SciELO and Cochrane databases, introducing the following terms: hormone replacement therapy and breast cancer, progestins and breast cancer, progesterone receptor. Specifically, synthetic progestins medroxyprogesterone acetate, norethisterone, and levonorgestrel have been associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, but not natural progesterone, micronized oral progesterone, or dydrogesterone. Natural progesterone, micronized progesterone and dydrogesterone would be safer in HRT to prevent the development of breast cancer, which would be due to the greater specificity of their action.

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Methanol extract of Muntingia calabura L. leaf (MEMCL) has been shown to exert the antiproliferative activity against the HT-29 (human colon adenocarcinoma) cell line. To further investigate on the medicinal potential of this plant, MEMCL was sequentially partitioned to obtain the petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and aqueous partitions, whichwas then tested against the HT-29 cell line and also subjected to the in vitro anti-inflammatory study. The most effective partition was also subjected to the phytoconstituents analysis using the UHPLC-ESI-MS. Findings showed that the ethyl acetate partition (EAP) exerts the most effective antiproliferative activity (IC50 = 58.0 ± 12.9 µg/mL) without affecting the 3T3 normal fibroblast cells, exhibits the highest anti-inflammatory effect when assessed using the lipoxygenase (> 95%) and xanthine oxidase (> 70%) assays, and contained various types of polyphenolics. In conclusion, M. calabura exerts apoptotic-mediated antiproliferative activity, partly via the anti-inflammatory action and synergistic action between the polyphenolics.

Se ha demostrado que el extracto metanólico de hoja de Muntingia calabura L. (MEMCL) ejerce actividad antiproliferativa contra la línea celular HT-29 (adenocarcinoma de colon humano). Para investigar más a fondo el potencial medicinal de esta planta, MEMCL se dividió secuencialmente para obtener el éter de petróleo, el acetato de etilo y las particiones acuosas, que luego se probó contra la línea celular HT-29 y también se sometió al estudio antiinflamatorio in vitro. La partición más eficaz también se sometió al análisis de fitoconstituyentes utilizando UHPLC-ESI-MS. Los resultados mostraron que la partición de acetato de etilo (EAP) ejerce la actividad antiproliferativa más efectiva (IC50= 58.0 ± 12.9 µg/mL) sin afectar las células de fibroblastos normales 3T3, exhibe el mayor efecto antiinflamatorio cuando se evalúa usando la lipoxigenasa (> 95%) y ensayos de xantina oxidasa (> 70%), y contenían varios tipos de polifenoles. En conclusión, M. calabura ejerce una actividad antiproliferativa mediada por apoptosis, en parte a través de la acción antiinflamatoria y la acción sinérgica entre los polifenoles.

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RESUMEN Fundamento: La electroforesis de proteínas y las cadenas ligeras libres en suero son técnicas utilizadas en el diagnóstico del mieloma múltiple. Sin embargo, la utilidad diagnóstica de ambas pruebas puede variar según el método empleado y condiciones reales del medio donde se realicen. Objetivo: Determinar el valor diagnóstico de la electroforesis de proteínas y de las cadenas ligeras libres en suero en el mieloma múltiple. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de los parámetros electroforesis de proteínas en suero y cadenas ligeras libres en suero a 43 pacientes con diagnóstico de mieloma múltiple por evaluación de la médula ósea. La electroforesis de proteínas se realizó por el método convencional de separación de proteínas sobre papel de acetato de celulosa y para las cadenas ligeras libres se aplicó un ensayo inmunoturbidimétrico en el que se usó un analizador químico (Cobas 311). Se calcularon 7 parámetros que evaluaron la exactitud diagnóstica. Resultados: Todos los parámetros que evaluaron la exactitud diagnóstica estuvieron dentro de los intervalos de confianza en ambas pruebas. Conclusiones: La electroforesis de proteínas y las cadenas ligeras libres en suero son ensayos de gran utilidad en el diagnóstico del mieloma múltiple y se deben utilizar en conjunto para la mayor captación posible de casos.

ABSTRACT Background: Protein electrophoresis and serum free light chains are techniques used in the diagnosis of multiple myeloma. However, the diagnostic utility of both tests may vary according to the method used and the actual conditions of the environment where they are performed. Objective: To determine the diagnostic value of protein electrophoresis and serum free light chains in multiple myeloma. Methodology: A retrospective study of serum protein electrophoresis parameters and serum free light chains was conducted in 43 patients diagnosed with multiple myeloma by bone marrow evaluation. Protein electrophoresis was completed by the conventional method of protein separation on cellulose acetate paper and for free light chains an immunoturbidimetric assay was applied in which a chemical analyzer (Cobas 311) was used. Seven parameters were calculated to evaluate diagnostic accuracy. Results: All parameters assessing diagnostic accuracy were within confidence intervals in both tests. Conclusions: Protein electrophoresis and serum free light chains are very useful assays in the diagnosis of multiple myeloma and should be used in conjunction for the highest possible approval of cases.

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The aim of this study was to verify the efficiency and ovulation time after the administration of different inducers for synchronization of ovulation in beef cows. One hundred and eight non-lactating cows were distributed into the control group (CG; untreated; n=28), estradiol benzoate (EB) group (EBG; n=28); 17 beta-estradiol (17ßE) group (17ßEG; n=28), and deslorelin (DES) group (DESG; n=24). On day minus 11 (D-11) of the protocol, the CG underwent application of cloprostenol and ultrasound examination (US); on D0, progesterone (P4) was inserted plus EB; on D7, cloprostenol was applied; on D9, P4 was removed and cloprostenol plus 400 IU of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) was injected. The EBG was subjected to treatment identical to that of the CG, except on D10, when the cows received EB. The 17ßE was subjected to the same protocol used in the CG except for the administration of 17ßE on D10. And, the DESG was subjected to the same treatment as the CG, except on D10, when the group received DES acetate. Twelve hours after the administration of EB, 17ßE and DES, ovarian US were performed every 6 hours. The preovulatory follicle (POF) diameters measured before ovulation were 19.5; 14.7; 18.7 and 19.8 mm respectively for CG, EBG, 17ßEG and DESG; and the time intervals between inducer application and ovulation were 20.2; 18.9; 21.0 and 22.5 hours respectively. In conclusion, all ovulation inducers were efficient in promoting ovulation; the inducers caused ovulation between 18.9 and 22.5 hours; EB promoted ovulation in a shorter time (P<0.05); 17ßE and DES showed greater variation in application/ovulation time between groups.

O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a eficiência e a ovulação após a administração de diferentes indutores para a sincronização da ovulação em vacas de corte. Cento e oito vacas não-lactantes foram distribuídas em grupo controle (GC; não tratadas; n=28); grupo benzoato de estradiol (BE) (GBE; n=28); grupo 17 beta-estradiol (17ßE) (G17ßE; n=28) e grupo deslorelina (DES) (GDES; n=24). No dia menos 11 (D-11) do protocolo, o GC recebeu cloprostenol e exame ultrassonográfico (US); ao D0, dispositivo de progesterona (P4) foi inserido mais BE; ao D7, cloprostenol foi aplicado; ao D9, a P4 foi removida e cloprostenol mais 400 UI de gonadotrofina coriônica equina (eCG) foi injetada. O GBE foi submetido a tratamento idêntico ao do GC, exceto ao D10, quando as vacas receberam BE. o G17ßE foi submetido ao mesmo protocolo usado no CG exceto pela administração de 17ßE ao D10. E, o GDES foi submetido ao mesmo tratamento que o CG, exceto ao D10, quando o grupo recebeu o acetato de DES. Doze horas após a administração de BE, 17ßE e DES, US ovarianos foram realizados a cada 6 horas. O diâmetro do folículo pré-ovulatório (FPO) medido antes da ovulação foi de 19,5; 14,7; 18,7 e 19,8 mm respectivamente para GC, GBE, G17ßE e GDES; e o intervalo de tempo entre a aplicação do indutor e ovulação foi 20,2; 18,9; 21;0 e 22,5 horas respectivamente. Em conclusão, todos os indutores da ovulação foram eficientes em promover a ovulação; os indutores acarretaram ovulação entre 18,9 e 22,5 horas; o BE promoveu a ovulação em menor espaço de tempo (P<0,05); 17ßE e DES demonstraram maior variação em aplicação/tempo de ovulação entre os grupos.

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