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Soil salinity is a significant abiotic stress and poses risks to environmental sustainability. Thus, the improvement of the time for recovering the salt-affect soil is crucial for the phytoextraction process using halophytes plants, especially regarding on nutritional management. We evaluated the responses of Atriplex nummularia Lindl. to nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) under different salinity levels. The treatments comprised doses of N (N1 = 80 kg ha-1) and P (P1 = 60 kg ha-1): (1) without N and P (N0P0) (control); (2) with N and without P (N1P0); (3) without N and with P (N0P1); and (4) with N and P (N1P1) and five levels of electrical conductivity from irrigation water: 0.08, 1.7, 4.8, 8.6, and 12.5 dS m-1. The. We evaluated dry biomass of leaves, stems, and roots 93 days after transplantation. We also assessed the leaf and osmotic water potential, the osmotic adjustment, and the nutrient contents (N, P, Na, and K). N application increased 22.3, 17.8, and 32.8% the leaf biomass, stem biomass, and osmotic adjustment, respectively; and consequently, boosts Na extraction in 27.8%. Thus, the time of the phytoextraction process can be improved with N fertilizer at a rate of 80 kg ha-1.

Very few studies have investigated the nutrient dynamics responses in Atriplex species in salt-affected soils; thus, this study represents a novelty. We tested the management of nitrogen (N) and phosphate (P) fertilizers to increase crop yield and optimize the phytoextraction process in salt-affected soils. We believe our results contribute to the improvement of the knowledge of this relevant topic, mainly in terms of the recovery of areas degraded by salinity. There is a paucity of studies associating salinity and nutritional management of soils worldwide.

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BACKGROUND: The physical therapy profession has made efforts to increase the use of confidence intervals due to the valuable information they provide for clinical decision-making. Confidence intervals indicate the precision of the results and describe the strength and direction of a treatment effect measure. OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of reporting of confidence intervals, achievement of intended sample size, and adjustment for multiple primary outcomes in randomised trials of physical therapy interventions. METHODS: We randomly selected 100 trials published in 2021 and indexed on the Physiotherapy Evidence Database. Two independent reviewers extracted the number of participants, any sample size calculation, and any adjustments for multiple primary outcomes. We extracted whether at least one between-group comparison was reported with a 95 % confidence interval and whether any confidence intervals were interpreted. RESULTS: The prevalence of use of confidence intervals was 47 % (95 % CI 38, 57). Only 6 % of trials (95 % CI: 3, 12) both reported and interpreted a confidence interval. Among the 100 trials, 59 (95 % CI: 49, 68) calculated and achieved the required sample size. Among the 100 trials, 19 % (95 % CI: 13, 28) had a problem with unadjusted multiplicity on the primary outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Around half of trials of physical therapy interventions published in 2021 reported confidence intervals around between-group differences. This represents an increase of 5 % from five years earlier. Very few trials interpreted the confidence intervals. Most trials reported a sample size calculation, and among these most achieved that sample size. There is still a need to increase the use of adjustment for multiple comparisons.

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The aim of this in vitro study is to compare the performance of digital and conventional methods in the manufacture of single copings in terms of the internal and marginal fit. Twenty-four prefabricated titanium Cone Morse Exact abutments of the lateral anatomical type were used to manufacture 24 lithium disilicate copings in the CAD-CAM Ceramill (n = 12) and heat-press (n = 12) systems. The copings were cemented using a self-adhesive resin cement (RelyX U-200; 3M ESPE) and then cut vertically. The cement line was photographed using an optical microscope at ×100 and ×200 magnification and then the internal and marginal regions were measured. The mean values of fits, for the CAD-CAM and heat-press techniques, respectively, were (µm): angular regions, 81.8 and 75.3; linear regions, 63.1 and 60.1; incisal regions, 171.1 and 114.7; marginal discrepancy, 74.1 and 75.2; and absolute marginal discrepancy, 99.5 and 96.2. MANOVA test showed that there is an effect of the techniques on the regions (p < .05). The effects of laboratories and the interaction between laboratories and techniques on the regions were not statistically significant (p > .05). The techniques evaluated presented clinically acceptable results for the marginal fit. However, the conventional method performed better for the internal fit. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Scientific evidence regarding the methods of making prosthesis can help the dental professional in decision-making. Digital and conventional methods is both good in the manufacture of single copings in terms of the internal and marginal fit.

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BACKGROUND: Research has consistently shown that some children are more vulnerable at the time of school readiness. Better understanding the characteristics of these children is therefore important. Most studies have used a variable-based approach, which may mask the presence of small but important subgroups of children with mixed patterns of readiness strengths and weaknesses. Identifying subgroups with mixed readiness patterns using a person-centered approach matters because their developmental trajectories might differ in important ways from children with broader difficulties across all readiness domains. OBJECTIVE: This systematic review attempts to synthesize existing profiles of school readiness conducted on preschool-aged children and to describe how these various profiles are associated with children's academic achievement and social adjustment during their school years. Specifically, we described how the school readiness profiles vary in number of profiles identified and differences in the specific domains of school readiness. We further describe the school readiness profiles and how they predict later academic and social outcomes. Furthermore, we focus on profile differences between at-risk and non-at-risk preschoolers. METHODS: Longitudinal studies published between 2005 and 2022 on profiles of school readiness before school entry and at least one subsequent academic and/or social outcomes were extracted from five databases. Eight articles were included in this systematic review out of the 117 screened peer-reviewed articles. RESULTS: All the studies incorporated both the cognitive and socioemotional domains of school readiness in their profiles. Fifteen profiles of school readiness at preschool age were identified based on the child level of cognitive and socioemotional skills, with 7 profiles at risk of later academic and social difficulties. Despite variation, children in these at-risk profiles of school readiness shared similar features. CONCLUSION: This literature review provides an exhaustive summary on the number of profiles and domains of school readiness most frequently reported in studies using a person-centered approach. Yielding an in-depth description of at-risk profiles of school readiness can help designing early preventive intervention for these children.

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Individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) and freezing of gait (FOG) have a loss of presynaptic inhibition (PSI) during anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) for step initiation. The mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) has connections to the reticulospinal tract that mediates inhibitory interneurons responsible for modulating PSI and APAs. Here, we hypothesized that MLR activity during step initiation would explain the loss of PSI during APAs for step initiation in FOG (freezers). Freezers (n = 34) were assessed in the ON-medication state. We assessed the beta of blood oxygenation level-dependent signal change of areas known to initiate and pace gait (e.g., MLR) during a functional magnetic resonance imaging protocol of an APA task. In addition, we assessed the PSI of the soleus muscle during APA for step initiation, and clinical (e.g., disease duration) and behavioral (e.g., FOG severity and APA amplitude for step initiation) variables. A linear multiple regression model showed that MLR activity (R2 = 0.32, p = 0.0006) and APA amplitude (R2 = 0.13, p = 0.0097) explained together 45% of the loss of PSI during step initiation in freezers. Decreased MLR activity during a simulated APA task is related to a higher loss of PSI during APA for step initiation. Deficits in central and spinal inhibitions during APA may be related to FOG pathophysiology.

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Herein, ordered mesoporous materials like SBA-15 and Al/SBA-15 were prepared using the pH adjustment method. Thus, these materials were developed in different pH of synthesis, from the pH adjustment method using a KCl/HCl solution and varying the Si/Al molar ratio (5, 25, and 75). All the ordered mesoporous materials were characterized by FRX, 27Al NMR, SEM, XRD, N2 adsorption/desorption, and CO2 adsorption. From the applied method, it was possible to obtain SBA-15 and Al/SBA-15 with high mesoscopic ordering based on the XRD patterns, independent of the pH employed. From the chemical composition, the insertion of higher amounts of Al into the synthesis caused a progressive improvement in the structural and textural properties of the ordered mesoporous materials. Thus, the chosen synthesis conditions can lead to different aluminum coordination (tetrahedral and octahedral), which gives these materials a greater potential to be applied. The presence of Al in high amounts provides material with the ability to form micropores. Finally, the proposed method proved to be innovative; low-cost; less aggressive to the environment, with efficient insertion of aluminum in the framework of SBA-15 mesoporous material; and practical, based on only one step.

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BACKGROUND: Occlusal interferences lead to changes in mandibular kinematics to compensate and improve function. However, the effects of different types of eccentric disturbance on the comminution capacity are not known. OBJECTIVE: To determine the immediate effect of eccentric occlusal interferences on masticatory performance. METHODS: This crossover clinical trial included 12 healthy dentate subjects aged 25.2 ± 3.3 years who were randomly submitted to seven types of occlusal interference: unilateral and bilateral laterotrusive and mediotrusive, protrusive, dummy and control (no interference). The interference forms were planned in a semi-adjustable articulator, fabricated with composite resin and adhered to the mandibular first molars such that subjects' maximum intercuspation was maintained. Masticatory performance and the chewing rate during 20 cycles were evaluated during subjects' comminution of silicone test food under one interference condition per test day; the multiple sieve method was applied to the comminuted particles. The interference was removed upon test completion, and a 1-week washout period was applied between tests. RESULTS: Comminuted median particle sizes were larger under unilateral (4.94 ± 0.41 mm) and bilateral (4.81 ± 0.49 mm) laterotrusive, bilateral mediotrusive (4.65 ± 0.50 mm) and protrusive (4.83 ± 0.54 mm) interferences (p < .05) than under the control (4.01 ± 0.52 mm) and dummy (4.18 ± 0.58 mm) conditions (p < .05). Only unilateral and bilateral laterotrusive interferences narrowed the comminuted particle size dispersion (p < .05). The chewing rate did not differ among conditions (p = .1944). CONCLUSION: Artificial eccentric interferences had an immediate adverse effect on masticatory performance by resulting in larger comminuted particles. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials (RBR-8g5zfg8).

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BACKGROUND: Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are potentially traumatic events that affect children and adolescents, increasing the risk for negative outcomes in several developmental domains. The literature suggests that ACEs affect boys and girls differently, and that protective factors such as social and emotional skills may favor resilience processes and promote Psychosocial Adjustment. OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to verify gender differences in relation to ACEs and Empathy, and to identify whether the effect of ACEs on Psychosocial Adjustment is moderated by Empathy. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: A total of 1229 boys and girls aged 14 to 17 years from public schools in regions considered to be of high social vulnerability in two cities of Brazil participated in this study. METHODS: Comparisons between genders were carried out using a logistic regression model. We then fitted multiple regression models predicting Psychosocial Adjustment, where ACEs, Empathy, and an interaction term between ACEs and Empathy were employed as independent variables, controlled by gender. RESULTS: Logistic regression analysis showed that girls experience ACEs more often than boys (d = 0.26, p = 0.02; d = 0.36; p < 0.001), and score higher on the Empathy scale (d = 0.43, p < 0.001). The genders do not differ in Community Violence Exposure nor Psychosocial Adjustment levels. Interaction analysis showed that Empathy moderates the effect of ACEs on adolescents' level of Psychosocial Adjustment. In the context of close relationships, Empathy may counteract the effect of ACEs, while in cases involving domestic violence and/or psychological abuse, it may amplify the impact of ACEs. CONCLUSIONS: The results show the relevance of considering gender specificities and that the role played by Empathy is more complex and needs further investigation. We emphasize that programs and policies aiming to prevent ACEs and their harmful effects should consider its types, in addition to the diversity and the specificities of the target population.

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As the first two decades of the 20th century unfolded, clinical psychologists, who had until then been mainly associated with intelligence testing, attempted to implement a specific psychological method-Carl Gustav Jung's (1875-1961) word-association "test"-in individual personality assessments. As one of the early clinical psychologists who attempted to use the method, Carl Ransom Rogers (1902-1987) is conspicuously absent from the historiography of clinical psychological testing. In fact, historians have recently suggested that we are lacking narratives about Rogers' early ideas and techniques in the context of both the development of clinical psychology and the emergence of psychological testing as clinicians' foremost scholarly activity. In light of the above, this paper pursues two main goals. First, it attempts to reconstruct Rogers' first original research project on emotional adjustment testing in young children in the broader context of the development of word-association tests as carried out by Jung and Whately Smith (1892-1947). Second, it aims to reconstruct Rogers' earliest theoretical ideas as well as his epistemological assumptions regarding test objectivity, validity and reliability. By drawing on unpublished documents and heretofore overlooked primary sources I show that although Rogers initially drew from Jung and Smith's complex and refined tradition, he ultimately rejected it as well as the tests themselves. At first drawn to Smith's quantitative, empiricist and experimental philosophy of psychology, Rogers was deterred when the data gathered through his own research in 1927 suggested that word association tests had no real, effective clinical value when used in children. By showcasing the complex process of test construction and validation undertaken by 1920s clinical psychologists, Rogers' case illustrates the research practices, the methodological problems and the epistemological dilemmas faced by most if not all of his contemporaries.

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Abstract Growth of plants is severely reduced due to water stress by affecting photosynthesis including photosystem II (PSII) activity and electron transport. This study emphasised on comparative and priority targeted changes in PSII activity due to progressive drought in seven populations of Panicum antidotale (P. antidotale) collected from Cholistan Desert and non-Cholistan regions. Tillers of equal growth of seven populations of P. antidotale grown in plastic pots filled with soil were subjected progressive drought by withholding water irrigation for three weeks. Progressive drought reduced the soil moisture content, leaf relative water content, photosynthetic pigments and fresh and dry biomass of shoots in all seven populations. Populations from Dingarh Fort, Dingarh Grassland and Haiderwali had higher growth than those of other populations. Cholistani populations especially in Dingarh Grassland and Haiderwali had greater ability of osmotic adjustment as reflected by osmotic potential and greater accumulation of total soluble proteins. Maximum H2O2 under water stress was observed in populations from Muzaffargarh and Khanewal but these were intermediate in MDA content. Under water stress, populations from Muzaffargarh and Dingarh Fort had greater K+ accumulation in their leaves. During progressive drought, non-Cholistani populations showed complete leaf rolling after 23 days of drought, and these populations could not withstand with more water stress condition while Cholistani populations tolerated more water stress condition for 31 days. Moreover, progressive drought caused PSII damages after 19 days and it became severe after 23 days in non-Cholistani populations of P. antidotale than in Cholistani populations.

Resumo O crescimento das plantas é severamente reduzido devido ao estresse hídrico, afetando a fotossíntese, incluindo a atividade do fotossistema II (PSII) e o transporte de elétrons. Este estudo enfatizou as mudanças comparativas e prioritárias na atividade do PSII devido à seca progressiva em sete populações de Panicum antidotale (P. antidotale) coletadas no Deserto do Cholistão e regiões fora do Cholistão. Perfilhos de igual crescimento de sete populações de P. antidotale cultivadas em vasos de plástico cheios de solo foram submetidos à seca progressiva, retendo a irrigação com água por três semanas. A seca progressiva reduziu o teor de umidade do solo, teor de água relativo nas folhas, pigmentos fotossintéticos e biomassa fresca e seca dos brotos em todas as sete populações. Populações de Dingarh Fort, Dingarh Grassland e Haiderwali tiveram maior crescimento do que as de outras populações. As populações de Cholistani, especialmente em Dingarh Grassland e Haiderwali, apresentaram maior capacidade de ajuste osmótico, refletido pelo potencial osmótico e maior acúmulo de proteínas solúveis totais. H2O2 máximo sob estresse hídrico foi observado em populações de Muzaffargarh e Khanewal, mas estas foram intermediárias no conteúdo de MDA. Sob estresse hídrico, as populações de Muzaffargarh e Dingarh Fort tiveram maior acúmulo de K+ em suas folhas. Durante a seca progressiva, as populações não cholistanesas mostraram rolagem completa das folhas após 23 dias de seca, e essas populações não conseguiram suportar mais condições de estresse hídrico, enquanto as populações cholistani toleraram mais condições de estresse hídrico por 31 dias. Além disso, a seca progressiva causou danos ao PSII após 19 dias e tornou-se severa após 23 dias em populações não cholistanesas de P. antidotale do que em populações cholistanesas.