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Lignocellulosic biomass is widely available in the world. However, a consensus has yet to be established to evaluate the biomass valorization alternatives. The chemical composition is the primary technical limitation in selecting a transformation route to obtain value-added products. In this paper, the bagasse from non-centrifuged sugar (NCS) production and Pinus patula (PP) wood chips were analyzed in terms of complete chemical composition to establish their potential for selecting the transformation routes. A strategy to select the best route based on the chemical composition was applied and a feedstock criteria model was proposed. Schemes were obtained and compared using a bioprocess selection strategy proposed in previous works. As a result, the preliminary biorefinery schemes were finally defined. The assessment of schemes derived from the outlined strategy included technical, economic, environmental, and social analyses. The environmental evaluation was complemented with a geolocation assessment, revealing a 0.75-ton CO2-eq/yr contribution to the carbon footprint for local distribution. The sustainability index for the PP biorefinery and the bagasse from NCS production was analyzed, resulting in indices of 44.8 and 60.9, respectively. These values were primarily derived from the economic and environmental analyses of both processes.

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Gastrointestinal mucositis is a serious and dose-limiting toxic side effect of oncologic treatment. Interruption of cancer treatment due to gastrointestinal mucositis leads to a significant decrease in cure rates and consequently to the deterioration of a patient's quality of life. Natural polysaccharides show a variety of beneficial effects, including a gastroprotective effect. Treatment with soluble dietary fiber (SDF) from yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) biomass residues protected the gastric and intestinal mucosa in models of gastrointestinal injury. In this study, we investigated the protective therapeutic effect of SDF on 5-FU-induced mucositis in male and female mice. Oral treatment of the animals with SDF did not prevent weight loss but reduced the disease activity index and preserved normal intestinal function by alleviating diarrhea and altered gastrointestinal transit. SDF preserved the length of the colon and histological damage caused by 5-FU. SDF significantly restored the oxidative stress and inflammation in the intestine and the enlargement and swelling of the spleen induced by 5-FU. In conclusion, SDF may be a promising adjuvant strategy for the prevention and treatment of intestinal mucositis induced by 5-FU.

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The mechanical extraction of oils from Brazilian açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart) produces significant amounts of a byproduct known as "meal", which is frequently discarded in the environment as waste material. Nevertheless, plant byproducts, especially those from oil extraction, may contain residual polyphenols in their composition and be a rich source of natural bioactive compounds. In this study, the phenolic composition and in vitro biological properties of a hydroethanolic açaí meal extract were elucidated. The major compounds tentatively identified in the extract by high-resolution mass spectrometry were anthocyanins, flavones, and flavonoids. Furthermore, rhamnocitrin is reported in an açaí byproduct for the first time. The extract showed reducing power and was effective in scavenging the ABTS radical cation (820.0 µmol Trolox equivalent∙g-1) and peroxyl radical (975.7 µmol Trolox equivalent∙g-1). NF-κB activation was inhibited at 10 or 100 µg∙mL-1 and TNF-α levels were reduced at 100 µg∙mL-1. However, the antibacterial effects against ESKAPE pathogens was not promising due to the high concentration needed (1250 or 2500 µg∙mL-1). These findings can be related to the diverse polyphenol-rich extract composition. To conclude, the polyphenol-rich extract obtained from açaí meal showed relevant biological activities that may have great applicability in the food and nutraceutical industries.

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Fruit residues represent alternative ingredients that can be included in diets of tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum. This study evaluated the growth performance of tambaqui fed diets containing different levels of guava agroindustrial residue. The experiment was based on a completely randomised design, with 105 fish randomly distributed in 15 plastic 60 L-1boxes with a water recirculation system. Feeding was carried out to apparent satiety for 45 days, using diets with 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 g kg-1inclusion of guava residue. Biometrics were performed every 15 days. Quadratic effect (p < 0.05) was observed for daily feed intakeand apparentfeed conversion, with optimum levels of 4.86 and 6.05% inclusion of guava residue, respectively. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in relation to final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, hepato-somatic index, survival rate and protein efficiency rate by the dietary treatments. The inclusion of up to 150 g kg-1of the guava agroindustrial residue in the feed did not compromise the performance of tambaqui juveniles.(AU)

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Little is known about the effect of adding crude glycerin (CG) as a carbon source during the composting of agro-industrial residues, such as those generated in the swine production chain, especially concerning the impact on organic matter humification. Therefore, the aim of this work was to study the effect of adding crude glycerin during the composting of organic swine waste, using appropriate analyses to determine the degree of maturation of the organic material. The experiment was performed using composters constructed from pallets. The variables considered were temperature, mass, volume, organic matter, functional groups, carboxylic acids, pH, electrical conductivity, total organic carbon, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, total phosphorus, potassium, basal respiration, and germination index. For all the CG concentrations tested, thermophilic temperatures were reached, while higher amounts of CG (4.5 and 6.0%) maintained temperatures above 55 °C for longer periods (28 days). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis showed the presence of an aromatic stretching vibration signal at 1620 cm-1, confirming mineralization of the organic matter, while the decrease of carboxylic acids at the end of the composting period indicated stabilization. The organic composts presented high nutrient contents and absence of toxicity, indicating that they could be safely used in agriculture.

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Caffeine and diclofenac are molecules with high human intake, and both belong to the 'emergent' class of contaminants. These compounds have been found at different concentrations in many sources of water worldwide and have several negative impacts on aquatic life systems; that is why the search for new alternatives for their removal from aqueous media is of transcendental importance. In this sense, adsorption processes are an option to attack this problem and for this reason, biochar could be a good alternative. In this regard, were prepared six different biochar from fique bagasse (FB), a useless agroindustry by-product from fique processing. The six biochar preparations were characterized through several physicochemical procedures, while for the adsorption processes, pH, adsorption time and concentration of caffeine and diclofenac were evaluated. Results showed that the biochar obtained by pyrolysis at 850 °C and residence time of 3 h, labeled as FB850-3, was the material with the highest adsorbent capacity with values of 40.2 mg g-1 and 5.40 mg g-1 for caffeine and diclofenac, respectively. It was also shown that the experimental data from FB850-3 fitted very well the Redlich-Peterson isotherm model and followed a pseudo-first and pseudo-second-order kinetic for caffeine and diclofenac, respectively.

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ß-Galactosidases are widely used for industrial applications. These enzymes could be used in reactions of lactose hydrolysis and transgalactosylation. The objective of this study was the production, purification, and characterization of an extracellular ß-galactosidase from a filamentous fungus, Aspergillus niger. The enzyme production was optimized by a factorial design. Maximal ß-galactosidase activity (24.64 U/mL) was found in the system containing 2% of a soybean residue (w/v) at initial pH 7.0, 28 °C, 120 rpm in 7 days. ANOVA of the optimization study indicated that the response data on temperature and pH were significant (p < 0.05). The regression equation indicated that the R2 is 0.973. Ultrafiltration at a 100 and 30 kDa cutoff followed by gel filtration and anion exchange chromatography were carried out to purify the fungal ß-galactosidase. SDS-PAGE revealed a protein with molecular weight of approximately 76 kDa. The partially purified enzyme showed an optimum temperature of 50 °C and optimum pH of 5.0, being stable under these conditions for 15 h. The enzyme was exposed to conditions approaching gastric pH and in pepsin's presence, 80% of activity was preserved after 2 h. These results reveal a A. niger ß-galactosidase obtained from residue with favorable characteristics for food industries.

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In the present study, it was presented a strategy to maximize the cutinase production by solid-state fermentation from different microorganisms and substrates. The best results were observed using Fusarium verticillioides, rice bran being the main substrate. Maximum yield of cutinase obtained by the strain was 16.22 U/g. For concentration, ethanol precipitation was used, and the purification factor was 2.4. The optimum temperature and pH for enzyme activity were 35 °C and 6.5, respectively. The enzyme was stable at a wide range of temperature and at all pH values tested. The concentrated cutinase was used as an adjuvant in a formulation containing cutinase + bioherbicide. The use of enzyme increased the efficiency of bioherbicide, since cutinase was responsible to remove/degrade the cutin that recovery the weed leaves and difficult the bioherbicide absorption. Cutinase showed to be a promising product to be used in formulation of bioherbicides.

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Crude extracts were prepared from residues of Rubus glaucus Benth by using food-grade solvents. Their efficacy protecting lipid oxidation of an oil in water (O/W) emulsion as well as of a bulk oil was tested. Stability of lipids during storage of an O/W emulsion was tested by the hydroperoxides and thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) measurements. Bulk oil stability was measured by the Rancimat method. Fruit pomace crude extracts were the best controlling lipid oxidation of an O/W emulsion, with crude extracts from overripe fruit and bush pruning residues acting as pro-oxidants as measured by the hydroperoxides levels. Neither of the crude extracts was able to inhibit lipid oxidation of the bulk oil. Mathematical modelling revealed that despite total phenolic content and partition coefficient of the crude extracts are important parameters to control lipid oxidation of an O/W emulsion, they do not totally explain their behavior in food-like systems.

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The objective was to evaluate the rumen degradability of dry matter, crude protein and fiber fraction of some oilseed byproducts. Oilseed byproducts evaluated were: Sunflower Meal, Cotton Cake and Castor Bean Cake. The rumen degradability test was performed following a split plot randomized complete block design with three treatments (plots) and seven incubation times (subplots) and six blocks (animals). The readily soluble fraction of the dry matter of sunflower meal was 35.0% higher than the same fraction of cotton cake and castor bean cake (mean 24.46%, P < 0.01). The highest potential degradability of crude protein (P < 0.01) was verified in castor bean cake (96.90%, 5% rate of passage). Sunflower meal had the lowest insoluble fraction of the fiber fraction, 34.4%, compared to cotton cake and castor bean cake, with 64.4% and 39.4%, respectively (P < 0.01). Sunflower meal had the highest fiber effective degradability (25.2%). Sunflower meal presented better values of ruminal parameters of dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber in relation to the other byproducts.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar a degradabilidade ruminal da matéria seca, proteína bruta e fração fibrosa de alguns coprodutos de oleaginosas. Os coprodutos de oleaginosas avaliados foram: Farelo de Girassol, Torta de Algodão e Torta de Mamona. O ensaio de degradabilidade ruminal foi conduzido seguindo o delineamento em blocos casualizados em esquema de parcelas subdivididas com três tratamentos (parcelas) e sete tempos de incubações (subparcelas) e seis blocos (animais. A fração prontamente solúvel da matéria seca do farelo de girassol foi 35,0 % superior em relação à mesma fração dos coprodutos torta de algodão e torta de mamona (média 24,46%; P < 0,01). A maior degradabilidade potencial da proteína bruta (P < 0,01) foi verificada na torta de mamona (96,90%; taxa de passagem de 5%). O farelo de girassol apresentou menor fração insolúvel potencialmente degradável da fração fibrosa, 34,4%, em relação à torta de algodão e torta de mamona que apresentaram média de 64,4% e 39,4%, respectivamente (P < 0,01). O farelo de girassol apresentou maior degradabilidade efetiva da fibra (25,2%). O farelo de girassol apresentou melhores valores dos parâmetros ruminais da matéria seca, proteína bruta e fibra em detergente neutro em relação aos demais coprodutos.(AU)

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